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NOTES - CHAPTER 11
[234] Marcel Pacaut, Alexandre III, Etude sur sa conception du pouvoir
pontifical dans sa pensee et dans son oeuvre, Paris, 1956, p. 301.
[235] These are the years, also (1163-70), of the dramatic contest of St.
Thomas of Canterbury with King Henry II.
[236] Abyssinia rather, we should say, the mysterious land of Prester John,
who had written to the pope about his desire to be better instructed in the
Christian religion, and to whom Alexander had replied (1177). For all of
which see Rousset de Pina, Le troisieme Concile Generale du Latran, in F.
and M., vol. 9, part 2, p. 160, n. 1.
[237] Mark 7:8.
[238] They are translated in Schroeder, pp. 214-35.
[239] With a minor change introduced by Pius XII.
[240] For whom see Numbers 16:1.
[241] In Romana vero ecclesia aliquid speciale constituitur, quia non potest
recurus ad superiorem haberi. Canon 1.
[242] Canon 2.
[243] Canon 3.
[244] Canon 4.
[245] Canon 5.
[246] Canon 8.
[247] "The greater and morally more respectable part."
[248] Canon 25.
[249] Canon 26.
[250] Canon 23.
NOTES - CHAPTER 12
[251] Fliche speaks of the "political piece of double crossing" (cette louche
combinaison politique) to which the legates lent themselves.
[252] The vast question that obviously palpitates behind these halting phrases
is best summarised in the (somewhat apologetic) pages of A. Fliche, La
Chretiente Romaine 1198-1274 (i.e., F. and M., vol. 10), pp. 112-37, 201-2.
[253] Schroeder prints the whole of these and (pp. 237-96) translation. Barry,
no, 76, translates a selection of them.
[254] Transsubstantiatis pane in corpus et vino in sanguinem.
[255] Animadversione debita puniendi.
[256] So Fliche, in F. and M., vol. 10, p. 201, "Innocent III who never
envisaged the penalty of death for heretics would, no doubt, have
disapproved of the [later] Inquisition." Readers interested in the story of
the way in which public opinion gradually influenced ecclesiastical
authority in the business of the repression of heresy, will find a
documented summary in F. and M., vol. 7, p. 462; vol. 9 (part 1) pp. 95-96;
vol. 9 (part 2) pp. 343-51; the work of A. Dumas and Raymonde Foreville.
NOTES - CHAPTER 13
[257] The emperors Frederick I (Barbarossa) 1152-90, and Henry VI 1190-97.
[258] Gregory IX was something like 100 years old, if many historians are
correct. It seems more likely that he was only 80.
[259] Apocalypse 13.
[260] Ibid., 6:4. Knox translation.
[261] F. W. Maitland, Moral Personality and Legal Personality, in Selected
Essays (1936), p. 228.
[262] The reader will understand that these personal ideas of the medieval
popes, whatever their worth, were never part of the universal teaching of
the Church.
[263] From the whole empire only Liege and Prague had come. Few Italians were
present. The majority were from France and Spain.
[264] Barry, no. 77, prints a translation of the bull.
[265] The actual author of the compilation was the Dominican canonist, St.
Raymund of Penaforte.
[266] Apparatus in libros quinque decretalium.
NOTES - CHAPTER 14
[267] Beatified by Benedict XIV (1740-58).
[268] In 1263 Charles was named King of Sicily by the suzerain, Pope Urban IV,
St. Louis at last consenting, after two years of negotiations. It was only
in 1266 that he was in a position to begin the war to drive out King
Manfred. By 1270 Charles, a man in his early forties, was to all intents
the master of Italy.
[269] Battle of Tagliacozzo, October 29, 1267.
[270] November 29, 1268.
[271] Elected September 1, 1271; consecrated and crowned March 27, 1272.
[272] Fruit of the pontificates of Gregory X's two French predecessors, Urban
IV (1261-64) and Clement IV (1265-68).
[273] For all this, and what follows, see the invaluable study by Stephan
Kuttner Conciliar Law in the Making, in Miscellanea Pio Paschini, Rome,
1949, pp. 39-81.
[274] So all the chroniclers. From the acta, and contemporary authors, we have
details of no more than 126 "prelates and lords": 44 from Italy, 26 from
Germany and the north, 21 from France, 19 Latins from Syria and the East, 8
from Spain, and as many from England.
[275] The pope, seemingly, bad decided that not every monastery or chapter was
to send a representative.
[276] Three bishops were deposed for evil lives in this very council.
[277] Quod praelati faciebant ruere totum mundum.
[278] Despite the demonstration of that prince of "erudits," Dr. Heinrich
Finke, made as far back as 1891, all who have written about the council of
1274--including the present writer--have repeated the centuries-old
statement that the definition of faith was passed by the council before the
Greeks arrived. My own enlightenment is due to Professor Kuttner's study,
already referred to, who notes as a solitary exception in following Finke,
the Dominican, Fr. H. J. Schroeder, so often referred to in these notes.
[279] Denzinger, no. 460.
[280] Poenis purgatoriis seu catharteriis.
[281] Denzinger, no. 464.
[282] Ibid., no. 465.
[283] Ibid., no. 465.
[284] The two first sentences of this quotation appear, as the testimony of
this council, in the Vatican Council's constitution defining the
infallibility of the pope's ex cathedra decisions (1870).
[285] In our more usual phraseology, seven hundred years later, "To this same
Roman see, all the other sees are subject."
[286] Ad sollicitudinis partem admittit. The second word recalls St. Paul (II
Corinthians 11:28): "... my daily pressing anxiety, the care of all the
churches"; where the Latin Bible has sollicitudo, the English has "care."
[287] Ibid., no. 466.
[288] It is of interest that within two years of this the very pope was a
Dominican, Innocent V.
[289] It was Boniface VIII who finally "stabilised" the Carmelites and the
Austin Friars, in 1296.
NOTES - CHAPTER 15
[290] This bull, Clericis Laicos, is printed in translation by Barry, no. 80A.
[291] Un executeur complaisant des calculs de Philippe le Bel--Digard's
phrase, Philippe le Bel et le. Saint-Siege (1936), I, 345.
[292] Outside the city of Courtrai.
[293] Denzinger, nos. 468-69, prints the defining clauses of this bull, Barry,
no. 80B the whole, in translation.
[294] Seventy miles or so southeast of Rome, the centre of the countryside
whence Boniface (Benedict Gaetani) came.
[295] There were, it is thought, about 2,000, of all ranks, knights,
sergeants, chaplains.
[296] An effect of the revival of Roman Law doctrines and procedures, not an
invention of the Church.
[297] Of this "understanding" there is no proof, nor is it (in the nature of
things) provable. The Abbe Mollat professor of History at the University of
Strasbourg, says, "Bien que la condition n'eut pas ete explicitement
exprimee dans les lettres royales, il fut convenu que le sort des Templiers
serait regle au Concile de Vienne," p. 260. But, surely, the pope had
already arranged this in the bulls regulating the enquiries in 1308? The
work quoted is Mollat's indispensable, Les Papes d'Avignon, 5me edition,
1924. Pages 229-56 of this book, Le Proces des Templiers, is the best of
all short documented accounts, and it is the one generally followed in this
chapter.
[298] Denzinger, no. 481.
[299] Ibid., no. 479.
[300] Ibid., nos. 471-78.
[301] I.e., popularly regarded as a kind of monk or nun.
[302] See Cohn, Norman, The Quest of the Millennium, 1957.
[303] All the 39 passed into the Canon Law.
[304] For a translation of this (slightly abbreviated) see Schroeder, 407-13.
NOTES - CHAPTER 16
[305] The city of Avignon was an enclave in this territory, its sovereign the
Queen of Naples from whom, many years after the death of Clement V, Clement
VI bought it (1348).
[306] Chronicorum III, tit. 22; quoted by Edmund G. Gardiner, St. Catherine of
Siena, 252.
[307] Session 5, April 6, 1415. Mansi, XXVII, 590f. Barry, no. 83A, prints a
translation of the decree.
[308] For the text (Latin) of this decree, see Denzinger, no. 690.
[309] Sess. 39, Oct. 9, 1417. Mansi, XXVII, 1159. Barry, op. cit., no 83B,
prints a translation of the decree.
[310] This decree, Si vero, far too lengthy to deal with here, will be found
summarised in Hughes, History of the Church, vol. 111, p. 298 note.
[311] Barry, op. cit., no. 83C, gives the list.
[312] An incorporation is the act by which for the individual benefice-holder
there is substituted an ecclesiastical corporation, a university for
example, a Cathedral chapter, a religious community--to the profit of the
corporation. It is to the abbey Or college that the revenues now go, and
out of these they pay a salary to the priest they hire to do the work.
[313] The council ended April 22, 1418.
NOTES - CHAPTER 17
[314] Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini (Pius II, 1458-64). Epist. CXXVII.
[315] Urban II, at the Council of Clermont, 1095.
[316] The figures are from Gill, The Council of Florence, 110-11l. There were
10 cardinals, 74 Latin archbishops and bishops, 20 Greek archbishops (i.e.
metropolitans), and 2 Armenian archbishops.
[317] Denzinger, no. 694, prints the Latin text. Especially in England was the
reunion joyously celebrated. The papal envoy wrote from London of the
processions of thanksgiving in all parts of the city and in other towns,
and of sermons preached everywhere explaining what it was that was being
celebrated (Gill, 299) Eighty years later, on the eve of Henry VIII's
repudiation of the papal authority, Thomas More is quoting this passage of
the decree of Florence in his reply to Luther's tract against Henry (1523)
and referring Luther to John Fisher's book where it is all set out. May I
refer to my own Reformation in England, 1, 204.
[318] Gill, 306; i.e., my translation of texts quoted by Gill, as in
subsequent quotations.
[319] Denzinger, nos. 695-702, prints only the summary about the seven
sacraments.
[320] Gill, 323.
[321] Denzinger, nos. 703-15, gives a generous extract which is a synopsis of
the condemnations of all the heresies from Cerinthus in the first century
down to the Monothelites of 680.
[322] Ibid., 327.
[323] The bull translating the council is dated February 24, 1443.
[324] See p. 265 supra.
[325] Barry, no. 85, prints a translation of this document.
[326] Italics mine. The sentence is a quotation from the bull, Gill, 312.
NOTES - CHAPTER 18
[327] Quoted by Pastor, English translation of History of the Popes, VI, 326.
The pope said this to the Venetian ambassador.
[328] Ibid., 327 The date is "beginning of July," 1510.
[329] Ibid., 329. The date assigned is July 21,1510.
[330] For a translation of this, see Barry, no 87A.
[331] Not printed by Schroeder.
[332] For the text of the decree (from which the quotation is taken) see
Denzinger, no. 738.
[333] Ibid., no. 739 for the text.
[334] Bull Inter sollicitudines, May 4, 1515. Schroeder, op. cit., prints
extracts from it, p. 504. This work never gives more than the essential
passages in dealing with this council.
[335] Bull Supernae maiestatis praesidio, Dec. 19, 1516, Schroeder, 505-6.
[336] For all this see the well documented account in Pastor, op. cit., vol.
VIII, 71-125.
[337] Bull Supernae dispositionis arbitrio, May 5, 1514, Schroeder, 506-9.
[338] Denzinger, no. 740, prints this section of the bull; Barry, no. 87B, a
translation of the whole.
[339] The bishops voted "for," by rising and saying (each in his turn),
Placet, i.e., "It pleases me." What the pope slid was "It not only pleases
me, it pleases me greatly, very greatly indeed."
NOTES - CHAPTER 19
[340] Jedin, A History of the Council of Trent, I, 351. These last two pages
of my account are especially indebted to this great book. Cf. 346-54.
[341] Ibid., 354.
[342] Op. cit., 369.
[343] Pastor, History of the Popes, XII, chaps. 4, 5; a masterly summary in
Jedin, A History of the Council of Trent, 1, 490-544.
[344] Del Monte is the future pope Julius III (1549-55), Cervini the all too
short lived Marcellus II (1555) commemorated in the title of Palestrina's
fine mass, and Pole only failed to become pope in 1549 through his refusal
to take the least step--he would not even say he was willing--on his own
behalf in the conclave.
[345] Seripando, created cardinal by Pius IV (1559-65), later served as one of
the presidents of the council, 1 562-63.
[346] Maroto, Institutiones Iuris Canonici (1919),1, 87.
[347] As King Henry VIII was "kin" to Anne Boleyn through his sinful
association with her older sister, Mary.
[348] The new law was passed by 155 votes to 55, G. H. Joyce, S.J., Christian
Marriage (1933), 127.
[349] Jerome Ragazzoni, coadjutor to the see of Famagusta, preaching the
sermon with which the council closed, December 4.
[350] These summaries, as has been said, are only of the principal matters.
But among these surely is, also, the change by which the council abolished
the age-long right of metropolitans (archbishops) to make the visitation of
all the sees of the bishops of their province, the local bishop's
jurisdiction suspended the meanwhile, and the archbishop correcting what he
found amiss and ordering the penalties this called for.
[351] A monastery was said to be "in commendam" which was granted as his
benefice to a cleric who was not a member of the community or of the order
or even of any religious order. These commendatory abbots, who were not
bound to reside at the monastery, were sometimes not even in major orders.
[352] Postremo eadem sancta synodus, tot gravissimis ecclesiae incommodis com
mota, non potest non commemorare, nihil magis ecclesiae Dei esse
necessarium quam ut beatissimus Romanus Pontifex, quam sollicitudinem
universae ecclesiae ex munens sui officio debet, eam hic potissimum
impendat, ut lectissimos tantum sibi cardinales adsciscat, et bonos maxime
atque idoneos pastores singulis ecclesiis praeficiat, idque eo magis, quod
ovium Christi sanguinem, quae ex malo negligentium et sui officii immemorum
pastorum regimine peribunt Dominus noster Iesus Christus de manibus eius
sit requisiturus. Session 24 (Nov. 11, 1563) De Reformatione, chap. 1, the
final paragraph.
[353] In London, for example, a city of about 100,000 people at the beginning
of the 16th century, there were 93 parish churches alone.
[354] The doctrine of the Real Presence; the worship of God present in the
sacrament, the use of the sacrament.
[355] On Communion under both kinds, and the Communion of little children.
[356] On the Sacrifice of the Mass.
[357] Just ten years before Luther's 95 Theses appeared.
[358] Session 6, January 13, 1547. The Latin text of the canons here
summarised is in Denzinger, pp. 277-81. With respect to the phrase "all are
condemned," which continually recurs in these canons, it is to be observed
that the council has in mind Catholics and the ex-Catholics who, abandoning
the traditional doctrines, founded the various reformed bodies. The bishops
at Trent were not addressing that multitude of later, non-Catholic
Christians who, born and bred in these forms of belief, worship God and
keep His law after a non-Catholic fashion in all good faith. To these, the
personal condemnation was not addressed, although the condemnation of the
theories inevitably stands.
[359] A heretical caricature of traditional doctrine, found useful in the
Reformation propaganda.
[360] Session 7, March 3, 1547. Latin text ibid., 281-82.
[361] Session 13, October 11, 1551. Latin text ibid., 290-91.
[362] That homage due to God alone, as the Creator of all.
[363] Session 21, June 16, 1562. Latin text ibid., 310.
[364] Session 22, September 9, 1562. Latin text ibid., 314-15.
[365] Luke 22:19.
[366] The long prayer which is the core of the rite, during which the
consecration takes place.
[367] Francis I died March 31, 1547.
[368] December 4, 1563.
NOTES - CHAPTER 20
[369] John Mastai-Ferretti, born May 13, 1792, elected pope June 16, 1846.
[370] The leading events of which were the withdrawal from Rome of the French
troops that protected the city from attack by the new Italian state, and
the Seven Weeks War between Prussia and Austria.
[371] Aubert, R. Le Pontificat de Pie IX (vol. 21 of F. and M., Histoire de
l'Eglise), 1952, 324.
[372] David Moriarty, bishop of Kerry, to Newman, Feb. 3, 1870, quoted Butler,
Vatican Council (1930), II, 29.
[373] Its actual author was Carl Joseph Hefele, the historian of the councils.
whom the pope had early called in as an advisor. He became bishop of
Rothenburg in time to take part in the council, and on the issue of
infallibility was a leading force in opposition. He was, apparently, one of
the very few bishops who had not already accepted the doctrine.
[374] Fifteen folio columns as printed in Mansi, vol. so, 59-74.
[375] So Butler, I, 198.
[376] Cardinal Rauscher (1797-1875), archbishop since 1853, once the tutor of
the emperor Franz Joseph, austere, a first-rate mind, and a prodigy of
learning. Said to be worth all his colleagues put together, Rauscher was
the Catholic restoration in Austria.
[377] The words (Butler, I, 198) are from William Bernard Ullathorne, O.S.B.,
bishop of Birmingham (1850-88) whose letters and diaries are a leading
source of Butler's work. According to Butler, the fate of the schema was a
great surprise to the Roman authorities. "It was not anticipated that the
bishops were going to take things so seriously." Ibid.
[378] Later a bishop, and noted for his spiritual writings.
[379] Butler's term, I, 281.
[380] The text of this "Constitution" is printed (with an English
translation) in Butler, II, 247-75. Denzinger, nos. 1781-1820, prints the
Latin text.
[381] The translation is that of Manning's Pastoral Letter (1870) printed in
Butler, II, 269-75.
[382] Frederick Schwarzenberg (1809-85), archbishop since 185o.
[383] Mathieu, Archbishop of Besancon.
[384] Simor, created cardinal in 1873 by Pius IX.
[385] Georges Darboy (1813-71).
[386] Aubert, 334.
[387] Butler, I, 229.
[388] The council had now been in session 22 weeks. It had only another nine
weeks to run; though, of course, none of its members, nor the pope, knew
this.
[389] It is also interesting that this shrewd level-headed man, "the only man
who kept his head in the Second Spring" thought that the most effective
speakers at the council (whatever their views) were those who came from the
democratic countries, bishops familiar with the way men go to work with
their fellows in representative assemblies.
[390] "... Hungary, Germany, half of France, England [with two or three
exceptions], all North America." Moriarty's estimate to Newman, Feb. 3,
1870, Butler, II, 29.
[391] Newman recalled the disastrous years that followed Chalcedon.
[392] Speech in the council, May 25, 1870. Butler, II, 49.
[393] Butler, II, 109.
[394] September, 1863. Dollinger presided. The letter of Pius IX, Tuas
Libenter, is dated Dec. 21,
1863. The text (Latin) is in Denzinger, nos. 1679-84.
[395] The Pope and the Council, by Janus.
[396] Butler, I, 111
[397] Moriarty to Newman, Feb. 3, 1870, Butler, II, 29.
[398] May 19, 1870; Butler, II, 64.
[399] April 25, 1870. Letters of Bishop McQuaid from the Vatican Council, ed.
Henry J. Browne, in Catholic Historical Review, Jan. l956, p. 425.
[400] May 14, 1870, Butler, II, 62.
[401] Cf. Aubert, 353.
[402] May 19, 1870, Butler, II, 64.
[403] "... Obscurcie depuis des siecles," p. 294, by which (I take it) is
meant that it was not in the forefront of people's minds. It had its place
in the textbooks of Theology, set out in the Euclidean terseness of the
genre, with the classic texts quoted in support as for centuries already.
[404] Quoted Billuart, Cursus Theologiae (Paris edition, 1878) V, 176.
[405] Abbot Matthieu Petit-Didier, O.S.B., Traite de'lnfaillibilite du Pape,
quoted Butler, I, 34.
[406] This phrase is quoted by Butler, I, 30, from a standard manual of
Catholic doctrine which ran to seven editions between 1768 and 1792. Its
author was a Benedictine of St. Maur, Jamin. The most important statement
of this view is that contained in article 4 of the Declaration of the
Clergy of France about Ecclesiastical Authority, made in their General
Assembly, March 19, 1682. It runs as follows: "Also, in questions of belief
the principal role is that of the pope, whose decrees are binding on all
sees, but his judgments are not irreformable unless [to them] there is
added the general agreement of the Church"; Mirbt, no. 535, prints the full
text of the Declaration. In 1690 Pope Alexander VIII reproved this
Declaration stating that oaths sworn to accept and observe it were null and
void (Denzinger, 322-26). All those who signed it retracted their
signatures in 1693, at the demand of Innocent XII, with an explicit,
personal acknowledgement that the Assembly had no power to decide such
questions. And Louis XIV revoked the edict which made the teaching of the
Four Articles obligatory. See Pastor, Lives of the Popes, vol. 32, pp. 595-
603. But the doctrines implied were never condemned as heretical. These
Gallican theories had their effective origin in the troubled times of the
so-called Schism of the West (1378-1417), when theologians and canonists,
driven desperate by the long crisis, were willing to consider any theory
that would give the Church a means of ridding itself of the contending
popes. The classic work on this subject is V. Martin, Les Origines du
Gallicanisme.
[407] The deputation included several Minority leaders. The solitary voter
was the Archbishop of Vienna, Cardinal Rauscher.
[408] The four were the archbishops of Cincinnati (Purcell) and St. Louis
(Kenrick), the bishops of Little Rock (Fitzgerald) and Kerry (Moriarty);
Butler. II, 33.
[409] Aubert, 351.
[410] Butler, II, 43-55, mentions, with an occasional comment, 46 of the 65.
Of these 46, 7 are French; the Austrian Empire, Ireland, and the U.S.A.
each produced 5; Italy and Spain 4 each; Germany 3, England 2, with one
from each of the following: Canada, Chili, Belgium, Holland, and
Switzerland. Of the 8 from Germany-Austria all are of the Minority, as are
6 of the 13 from English-speaking countries. Two prelates of Eastern Rites
also spoke, the Armenian patriarch pro, and the Melchite Patriarch of
Antioch with the Minority.
[411] Butler, II, 47.
[412] A one-time professional from Maynooth.
[413] "The Archbishop of Cashel threw Cardinal Cullen into the shade."
McQuaid, May 24, 1870, Letters, etc., p. 432.
[414] This bishop, Michael Domenec, was a Spaniard by birth. The quotation is
Butler, II, 54.
[415] Ibid., 53.
[416] Mathieu, Archbishop of Besanson, the leader of the French Minority
group; Rauscher and Schwarzenburg.
[417] Aubert, 352.
[418] Butler, 11, 78-85 for details of the debate.
[419] On July 3 an attempt was made to invoke the closure procedure. The
presidents ignored it.
[420] Zinelli, bishop of Treviso.
[421] Pius IX, now in his 79th year, was of the temperament that is always
liable to be swept away by emotional storms, cf. Aubert, 227: "l'homme
essentiellement emotif," and also, "n'ecoutant comme toujours, que sa
premiere impression," 208. He sent for the cardinal and, it is said,
replied to the explanation that Guidi had been explaining how the bishops
were witnesses to the tradition of faith, "I am tradition." The authority
quoted by Butler, 11, 98 is Dupanloup's private diary. For other sources
cf. Aubert's account, 353-54.
[422] Cardinal Cullen seems to have been, rather, the spokesman of a group in
the De Fide deputation, the most prominent of whom was the president of
that body, the gifted Cardinal Bilio.
[423] Butler, II, 134.
[424] Butler's words, II, 153.
[425] Butler, II, 157.
[426] The full text of the letter is in Butler, II, 158-59.
[427] The text of this, known as Pastor Aeternus, is printed (with an English
translation) in Butler, 11, 276-95.
[428] One of the youngest bishops in the council, born 1833 at Limerick in
Ireland, consecrated May 26, 1867.
[429] McQuaid to Rev. James M. Earley, [May] 1870, in Letters, etc., p. 430.
NOTES - APPENDIX 1
[430] Since several of these volumes are in more than one "part" the bulk is
really considerable.
[431] Needless to say, for those who read French the great Fliche and Martin
series offers a means of study far beyond anything so far attempted. See
the list in Appendix II.
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