| ## A HISTORY OF THE CHURCH To the Eve of the Reformation by Philip Hughes Vol. 3: 1274-1520 |

| ### CHAPTER 4: FIFTY CRITICAL YEARS, 1420-1471 |

| #### 3. THE RETURN OF THE ANCIENT WORLD |

| #### #### [1] of the two gigantic figures of Julius II and Michelangelo. Eugene IV's long reign was too broken for him to bring to a finish Martin V's great work of resto #### [2] a little preliminary destruction, and it was not until the time of Julius II, fifty years later, that the transformation was really put in hand. Rome was, indeed, during the eight years reign #### [3] d presently, in revenge, he organised a new conspiracy. The centre of this was Julius Pomponius Laetus, the most extreme -- not to say eccentric -- of all the humanists of Rome, a scholar who to the best ####  |

| ### CHAPTER 5: ‘FACILIS DESCENSUS. . .’ 1471-1517 |

| #### SIXTUS IV |

| #### #### [4] ncesco Maria, who plays a part in the history of the second della Rovere pope, his uncle, Julius II. And Girolamo, the Count of Imola, lived to make himself master of Forli, and Cesena, and Rimini, and even of Sinig ####  |

| #### JULIUS II |

| #### #### [5] ed as Julius II. The new pope had reached just to the end of his sixtieth year. He was notoriously violent and self-willed, restle #### [6] , and Giuliano della Rovere was to show himself in a new role as Pope Julius II, for his immense energy was to work itself out in military expeditions quite as much as in diplomatic manoeuvres. T #### [7] reciate. Julius II found Cesare Borgia installed as the actual ruler of the greater part of his state, a vassal more powerful than his #### [8] ased to be terrible from the moment he came up against superior force and equal determination. By this time Julius II had regained the most of the Romagna towns where Cesare Borgia had been lord. But the Venetians, with a polite kind #### [9] xpedition started, August 26, 1506, and Julius II led it in person. It was almost three years since his election. The remaining six years of his reign were to see alm #### [10] ile Julius halted at Orvieto (September 5-9), the Baglioni came in from Perugia to surrender at discretion. The pope took possessi #### [11] na, the news came that the tyrant -- Bentivoglio -- had fled. On November 10 Julius entered the city, the first pope to be really its lord. He remained at Bologna, reorganising the government, until aft #### [12] er the New Year and returned to Rome on March 27, 1507. It was the eve of Palm Sunday, and the next day Julius made his ceremonial entry in the most magnificent procession known for years, under triumphal arches, and amid showers #### [13] he pope's master of ceremonies, who said openly to Julius that this was a scandalous way for a pope to begin Holy Week. [ ] The next objective of the victorious pope was Venic #### [14] . It was not until nearly four months later that Julius joined the league, until after the Venetians had repeatedly, and with their usual scorn, refused his new demands for t #### [15] he return of his territories. When the news came that the pope had joined the alliance they offered restitution. But Julius now stood by the pact, and on April 27 he laid an interdict on the republic. The first act of the long war which foll #### [16] f general. Julius, at the news, went off into one of his rages, throwing his biretta to the ground, cursing and swearing violently. The #### [17] eague. The Venetians gave way on all points, and Julius reduced the humiliating ceremony of the reconciliation to a thin formality. But, in their hearts, the Venetians still #### [18] e French. To Julius II this last particular was welcome rather than otherwise, for the pope now proposed to crown his career by driving the #### [19] desert his French ally, and who was still harassing the Venetians. On August 9, 1510, Julius II excommunicated him, in a bull of staggering severity, and declared his fief forfeited. Then, at the end of the mont #### [20] cking the pope through the spiritual arm. It was perhaps a natural kind of reprisal for Julius II's lavish use of excommunications to forward his plans. But all history was there to show how, in the hands of a Cat #### [21] Church is at an end. But Louis XII was ill-advised, and Julius knew it. While the pope watched the French cardinals narrowly, imprisoning one of them and threatening to behead him, #### [22] "and to hang a council round his neck. " Julius II was to be annihilated, in spirituals as well as in temporals, and another set in his place. This was on July 21, 15 #### [23] expedition that was to invade Italy once more and, this time, depose the pope. By now Julius II was nearing Bologna, and there misfortunes crowded upon him. On October 17 he heard that five of his cardinals had g #### [24] of Julius II so satisfied as in these weeks. Since his dangerous illness the pope had grown a great beard, and wearing his armou #### [25] t. On January 20 Mirandola fell, and Julius made his way in with the troops up the scaling ladders and through the newly-opened breach. But soon the Duke of Ferr #### [26] only just got away in time to Ravenna. Here there were violent scenes between Julius and his nephew, the Duke of Urbino, whom the pope blamed for the loss of Bologna, and who in turn blamed the favourite #### [27] l possible speed the pope made his way back to Rome. [ ] It was a dark hour in his life; Julius II was isolated, and the coming council would no doubt "depose" him. But the religious situation was not so bad as it #### [28] on July 25, 1511, just a month after his return to Rome, Julius II made the plan of the rebels his own, and summoned a General Council which should meet at Rome on April 19, 1512. An #### [29] he key' province of his state. How long would it be before Julius was in their hands? And at Milan the rebel cardinals, on April 21, declared him suspended from his office, that all hi #### [30] thus linked to the old -- while Julius was to join in compelling Venice to give up the fiefs which the emperor claimed, and to use on behalf of his new ally #### [31] elp from France, and in March 1513 a new alliance was negotiated between them and a new war began. But by that time Julius II was no more. Towards the end of 1512 the pope -- he was close on seventy -- began to fail rapidly, and he was app #### [32] r such feats were a proper occupation for popes, whether indeed, Julius seriously meditated such a war, death found him still restless and anxious about the menace of Spain. One thing he imp #### [33] the conclave. In the night of February 20-21, 1513, he passed away. Julius II had died at a critical moment in the complicated international life of which the pope was now a principal figure. Th ####  |

| #### LEO X |

| #### #### [34] ad only known in the last two or three years of the reign. To Julius II he had been of great political importance, once the Florence dominated by his family's enemies had supported the sc #### [35] hismatical Council of Pisa. It was Julius II who had restored the Medici rule in Florence, and now Giovanni, the eldest surviving son of Lorenzo, was pope. Onl #### [36] made by Julius II) was published. How would Leo X react? Muratori has well described his general line of conduct, saying that he alwa #### [37] July 1515, the pope, whose squandermania had already in two years exhausted the treasure Julius II had left behind, was soon at his wits' end. As to the league, Leo had at last brought himself to sign the pact, but #### [38] he conquests of Julius II, Piacenza, Parma, Reggio, and Modena. He had to forbid the Swiss to molest the king in his duchy of Milan, and he ev #### [39] ad already, in that short time, been transformed. Under Julius II, if it had not been religious and spiritual, it had at least become decorous. The wild scandals of the previous twe #### [40] Siena was one of the few states to lack such a court cardinal, and Julius II brought Siena into the system when, in 1512, he gave the red hat to Alfonso Petrucci, twenty years of age, the brot ####  |

| #### 2. CHRISTIAN LIFE AND THOUGHT, 1471-1517 |

| #### #### [41] Julius II, caught in the toils of political necessity, gave Spain extensive rights of patronage (in the West Indies) in 1508; #### [42] d'Amboise, Archbishop of Rouen, was appointed for France by Julius II in 1503; and so Wolsey, Archbishop of York, was appointed for England by Leo X and re-appointed, for life, by Cleme #### [43] ssor, Julius II, had to see Ferdinand introduce the new system into his kingdom of Sicily (1500). But when the king went a step fur #### [44] been welcome to such a pope as Julius II. Leo X, however, returned to the policy of surrender to Spain, and after the election of the new king, Charles, to #### [45] heir classic historian the religious activities of Sixtus IV, Innocent VIII, Alexander VI, Julius II and Leo X fill but a few dozen pages out of thousands. The thirteen years' reign of Sixtus IV, whose chief achievem #### [46] Gregory VII himself. Alexander VI went no further than to read it. Julius II is the author of one really great reform, the bull (1503) which declared that simony in the election of a pope inval #### [47] they even got so far as to draft a scheme. And finally, Julius, who was originally a Friar Minor, gave some attention to the condition of the religious orders. He encouraged Cajetan #### [48] us IV and Julius II, he did give some attention to the state of the monasteries and convents. Nine of his briefs that treat of this mos #### [49] t serious weakness are listed and many more await publication. [ ] And, successful where Julius II had failed, Leo X in 1517 brought to a final end the contentions about the rule which had divided the sons of St. F #### [50] s at Rome when disaster came to the duke with the death of Alexander VI; he was with Julius II in the famous march on Perugia and Bologna in 1507, and three years later he was with Louis XII of France, fanning #### [51] the king's hatred of Julius and advising him to stir up the Roman barons against the pope. With the restoration of the Medici at Florence, in 1513 #### [52] mortal sin. But the Master-General was not kept exclusively to the service of his order. Julius II made all possible use of his genius in the theological controversy with the pseudo-council of Pisa, [ ] and Cajetan #### [53] and Papebroch. The General Council summoned by Julius II (in what circumstances has already been described) [ ] to meet in the Lateran Basilica of Rome, came together on Ma #### [54] omaschi, St. Antony Maria Zaccaria the Barnabites, St. Cajetan of Thiene -- from the very court of Julius II -- the Order of Theatines, whence was to come a whole new episcopate to be the chief executant of the reform. And, ####  |