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Its Spirituality And Immortality [624]
The soul of man is not only simple or unextended, as is the soul of
plant and animal, but it is also spiritual, that is, intrinsically
independent of matter, and therefore subsistent, so that is continues
to exist after its separation from the body. These statements are
proved by the soul's intellective activity, because activity follows
being, and the mode of activity reveals the mode of being. How do we
show that intellective activity is independent of matter? By the
universality of the object, which the intellect abstracts from the
particular and limited sense world. Among the truths thus discovered
are universal and necessary principles, independent of all particular
facts, independent of all space and time. [625] .
This necessity and universality, we now note, is manifest on three
levels of abstraction. [626] On the first level, that of the
natural sciences, the intellect, abstracting from individual matter,
studies, not this mineral, plant, or animal perceived by the senses,
but the inner universal nature of mineral, plant, or animal.
[627] On the second level, that of the mathematical sciences,
the intellect, abstracting from all sense matter, from all sense
qualities, considers the nature of triangle, circle, sphere, or
number, in order to deduce their necessary and universal
characteristics. Here it appears clearly that man's idea of the
circle, for example, is not a mere image, a sort of medium between
great and small circles, but a grasp of some nature intrinsic in each
and every circle, great or small.
Again, though the imagination cannot represent clearly to itself a
polygon with a thousand sides, the intellect grasps the idea with
ease. Thus the idea differs absolutely from the image, because it
expresses, not the sense qualities of the thing known, but its inner
nature or essence, the source of all its characteristics, not as
imagined, but as conceived.
Lastly, on the third level of abstraction, the intellect,
abstracting entirely from matter, considers the intelligible being
inaccessible to the senses. This being, this inner reality, is not a
special sense quality, like sound, nor a common sensory quality like
extension, but something grasped by the intellect alone, as the raison
d'etre of reality and all its characteristics. Intellect alone grasps
the meaning of the little word "is," which is the soul of every
judgment made by the mind, which is presupposed by every other idea,
and which is the goal of all legitimate reasoning. Being then, that
which is, since it does not involve any sense element, can exist
beyond all matter, in spirits, and in the first cause of spirits and
bodies.
On this third level of abstraction, then, the intellect recognizes
the characteristics of being as such: unity and truth and goodness.
From the very nature of being, of inner reality, derive the
principles, absolutely necessary and universal, of contradiction,
causality, and finality, principles which reach out immeasurably
beyond the particular and contingent images pictured by the
imagination, reach even to the existence of a first cause of all finite
things, of a supreme intelligence, regulating the universe. By its
own act, lastly, the intellect recognizes its own kinship with the
immaterial world.
To summarize. Our mode of intelligent activity proves the
immateriality of our soul, and immateriality founds incorruptibility,
[628] since a form which is immaterial is uncomposed and
subsistent, hence incorruptible.
Here lies the meaning of man's desire for immortality. Since the
intellect, says the saint, [629] grasps a reality beyond time,
every intellectual being desires to live forever. Now a natural desire
cannot be void and empty. Hence every intellectual being is
incorruptible.
How does the human soul come into existence? Since it is immaterial,
it cannot come from the potency of matter, i. e.: it cannot arise by
generation, hence it must arise by God's creative power. That which
acts independently of matter, says the saint, [630] must have
this same independence, not only in its existence, but also in its
manner of receiving existence.
Is our universal and necessary knowledge a proof that we can be
elevated to an immediate knowledge of Him who is subsistent being
itself? Not a proof, says the saint, [631] but at least a
sign. [632] .
We may insert here two of the twenty-four Thomistic theses.
The fifteenth: The human soul is of itself subsistent. Hence at the
moment when its subject is sufficiently disposed to receive it, it is
created by God. By its own nature it is incorruptible and immortal.
[633] .
The eighteenth: Intellectuality is a necessary consequence of
immateriality, and in such wise that levels of intellectuality are
proportioned to their elevation above matter. [634] .
Here Suarez [635] differs notably from St. Thomas.
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