CHAPTER XLV: THE FALL OF MAN

[1518] cf. Summa Theol., Ia, q. 63, a. 1; Ia IIae, q. 21, a. 1, 2.

[1519] cf. ibid., Ia IIae, q. 88, a. 1 ad 1.

[1520] Denz., no. 788; cf. Dict. theol. cath., "Peche originel, dans l'Ecriture, chez les Peres et les theologiens. Les a, affirmations de l'Eglise en face du naturalisme contemporain," col. 275-606; J. B. Frey, "L'etat originel et la chute de l'homme d'apres les juives au temps de Jesus-Christ," in Revue de Sc. phil. et theol. (1911), pp. 507-45; F. Prat, La theol. de S. Paul (7th ed.), pp. 252-64; M. J. Lagrange, Ep. aux Rom. (1916), pp. 104-13

[1521] Denz., no. 2123

[1522] Gen. 2:17; 3:6

[1523] Ecclus. 25:33

[1524] Wisd. 2:24.

[1525] Rom. 5:19; cf. I Cor. 15:21 ff.; I Tim. 2:1, f.; John 8:44; Apoc. 12:9.

[1526] cf. Rouet de Journel, op. cit., Index theol., nos. 298-302, for many passages from the Latin and Greek Fathers; also following article on the existence of original sin in Adam's posterity

[1527] Summa Theol., IIa IIae, q. 163, a. 1. ff.

[1528] Ibid., a. 3; cf. Bossuet, Elevations sur les mysteres, 6e semaine, 5e elevation

[1529] Ecclus. 10:15; Tob. 4:14

[1530] Wisd. 10:1 f.

[1531] Denz., no. 776; cf. Council of Trent, Denz., no. 815; for Baius' teaching, ibid., no. 1065; for Jansenism, ibid., no. 1298

[1532] Denz., no. 789; Rom. 5:12; cf. Card. Billot, De personali et originali peccato (4th ed., 1910), pp. 160 ff.

[1533] Denz., nos. 711, 790 f., 795

[1534] Ibid., nos. 101, 174f., 795.

[1535] Ibid., nos. 790, 795.

[1536] Ibid., no. 532

[1537] Ibid., nos. 102, 410, 532, 753, 791

[1538] Ibid., no. 534

[1539] Ibid., no. 1048

[1540] Ibid., no. 1047

[1541] Ibid., no. 410

[1542] Ibid

[1543] Ibid., nos. 321, 410, 464, 693

[1544] Ibid., no. 1049

[1545] Ibid., nos. 1526, 3049

[1546] Ibid., nos. 101 f., 329, 348, 790 f., 3026

[1547] Ibid., nos. 388, 413

[1548] Ibid., no. 102

[1549] Ibid., no. 175.

[1550] Gen. 3:14-24

[1551] John 14:4.

[1552] Ps. 50:7

[1553] Denz., no. 792

[1554] Ecclus. 25:33

[1555] Gen. 17:14; Rom. 4:11; cf. Summa Theol., IIIa, q. 70; Dict. theol. cath., art., "Circumcision." St. Augustine, De civitate Dei, Bk. XVI, chap. 27. Many modern exegetes see in circumcision only a sign of a compact or of friendship between God and Israel. But we read in the Scriptures, Abraham "received the sign of circumcision, a seal of the justice of the faith....; that he might be the father of all them that believe, being circumcised, that unto them also it may be reputed to justice" (Rom. 4:11). Thus, as St. Thomas says, "grace was conferred in circumcision, not by virtue of circumcision, but by virtue of the passion of Christ, whose sign was circumcision" (Summa theol-, IIIa, q. 70, a. 4).

[1556] Matt. 1:21

[1557] John 1:29

[1558] Ibid., 3:5

[1559] cf. St. Thomas, Commentarium in Ep. ad Ephesios, 2:3

[1560] cf. St. Thomas, Commentarium in Ep. ad Romanos, 5:12.

[1561] According to the Latin Fathers and many Catholic doctors, the Greek is translated in quo, that is, in Adam; according to the Greek Fathers and some recent writers the rendering is eo quod or "because." From the context the meaning is still that sin and death were transmitted to us through Adam, especially from v. 12 and v. 19. cf. Bossuet, Defense de la tradition et des SS. Peres, VII, chap. 12-20.

[1562] Rom. 5:19

[1563] Rom. 5:12, 16, 18f

[1564] Ibid., v. 14

[1565] Denz., no. 790

[1566] cf. St. Thomas, Commentarium in Ep. ad Romanos, 5:12-20, for solution of the Pelagian objections; cf. also M. 1. Lagrange, Epitre aux Romains (1916), pp. 104-13 F. Prat, La theologie de S. Paul, I, 253 ff.; Dict. theol. cath., art. "Peche originel", 1. M. Voste, Studia paulina (1928), pp. 75, 84.

[1567] Ezech. 18:20; Deut. 24:16

[1568] Rouet de Journel, op. cit., Index theol., nos. 302 ff.; ibid., no. 92

[1569] St. Irenaeus, Adversus heres., V, xiii, 3; Journel, op. cit., no. 255

[1570] Rouet de Journel, op. cit., no. 140.

[1571] Ibid., no. 183

[1572] Ibid., nos. 146, 286

[1573] Ibid., nos. 967, 1077, 1291

[1574] Ibid., nos. 1184 ff.

[1575] cf. Dict. theol. cath., art. "Le peche originel," col. 353: "S. Jean Chrysostom proclame la necessite absolue du bapteme pour avoir art d l'heritage Celeste"; cf. De poenitentia, hom. I, 4, PL, XLIX, 282 ff.

[1576] cf. Rouet de Journel, op. cit., no. 1899 (Contra Julianum, II, chap. 10; VI, 67f.; Contra Julianum op. imp., 1, 27, 29, 49; II, 87, 119; V, 48, 64; VI, 36; De civitate Dei, XXII, chap. 22, 1-3).

[1577] Denz., nos. 101 f.

[1578] Ibid., no. 126

[1579] Ibid., nos. 129-42

[1580] St. Thomas, Contra Gentes, Bk. IV, chap. 52

[1581] Rom. 5:12-21

[1582] Summa Theol., Ia IIae, q. 81, a. 1.

[1583] Ibid., cf. Dict. theol. cath., "Peche originel," col. 478

[1584] Rom. 5:12-21

[1585] Denz., no. 1796

[1586] cf. Summa Theol., IIIa, q. 1, a. 3 ad 3.

[1587] Ibid., Ia, q. 100, a. 1.

[1588] Denz., no. 789; cf. Card. Billot, De peccato originali

[1589] cf. P. E. Hugon, Tract. theologici (1926), I, 808-18

[1590] Summa Theol., la, q. 100, a. 1

[1591] Ibid.; thus Adam was the head of elevated nature by some divine decree and therefore, if Adam had not sinned, he would have transmitted to us original justice; if he sinned he would transmit to us the privation of this justice. It is not necessary that Adam should have consented to this decree. He knew the decree, and that was sufficient. His knowledge of moral and religious matters certainly included something as important as this both to himself and the whole human race. In the same way a man who loses his fortune and his hereditary title knows he is losing these things for himself and for his children. Hence original sin is voluntary only with regard to Adam's will inasmuch as he was the head of elevated nature, and the sin passes on to his posterity, not as a demerit, but as a consequence transmitted to nature Under this aspect, therefore, original sin is the least of all sins because it has the least amount of voluntarium.

[1592] Denz., nos. 776, 792

[1593] Ibid., nos. 1065, 1298

[1594] Ibid., no. 792

[1595] Ibid., nos. 788, 793

[1596] Ibid., no. 793

[1597] Ibid., no. 790

[1598] cf. Acta Concilii Vaticani, Collectio Lacensis, VII, 517, 549

[1599] cf. St. Augustine, De nuptiis et conceptione, Bk. I, chap. 24, no. 27; chap. 26, no. 29; Journel, op. cit., nos. 1872 f., 1877; De peccat, meritis et remiss., II, chap. 28, no. 46; Journel, op. cit., no. 1726

[1600] cf. Dict. theol. cath., art. "Augustin," cols. 2933, 2935 f.; Tixeront, Hist. dogm., II, 463 ff.

[1601] St. Anselm, De conceptu virginali, chaps. 23, 27

[1602] Ibid., chap 23

[1603] Summa Theol., Ia IIae, q. 82. a. 3.

[1604] ibid.

[1605] St. Thomas, De malo, q. 4, a. 2.

[1606] Summa Theol., Ia IIae, q. 83, a. 2 ad 4.

[1607] cf. Dict. theol. cath., art. "Justice originelle."

[1608] Summa Theol., Ia, q. 95, a. 1; q. 100, a. 1 ad 2

[1609] St. Thomas, De malo, q. 4, a. 1.

[1610] Summa Theol., Ia, q. 100, a. 1. ad 2.

[1611] D. Soto, De natura et gratia, I, 5.

[1612] cf. Summa Theol., Ia IIae, q. 82, a. 4

[1613] Ibid., Ia IIae, q. 83, a. 2

[1614] Ibid., a. 3 f

[1615] cf. ibid., Ia IIae, q. 85, a. 1-4

[1616] Denz., no. 174

[1617] Ibid., no. 788

[1618] Ibid., no. 793

[1619] Summa Theol., Ia IIae, q. 85, a. 3

[1620] Ibid., a. 1; q. 63, a. 1

[1621] Ibid, q. 85, a. 3

[1622] Ibid

[1623] cf, Billuart, De gratia, diss. II, a. 3