NOTES I

[1] Sandys, "History of Classical Scholarship", 2nd edition, 1906. Rogers, "L'Enseignement des lettres classiques d'Ausone a Alcuin", 1905. Gougaud, "Les Chretientes Celtiques", 1911, chap. viii. (An excellent bibliography.) Esposito, "Greek in Ireland during the Middle Ages" ("Studies", i., 4, 665-683).

[2] Monnier, "La Renaissance de Dante a Luther", 1884.

[3] Guirard, "L'Eglise et la Renaissance", chap. iii.

[4] Nolhac, "Petrarque et l'Humanisme", 1892.

[5] Mancini, "Vita di Lorenzo Valla", 1891.

[6] Pastor, "History of the Popes", i., pp. 12-33.

[7] Pastor, op. cit., p. 24.

[8] Muntz, "Les arts a la cour des Popes pendant le XVe. et le XVIe. siecle", 1878-9.

[9] Muntz-Fabre, "La Bibliotheque du Vatican au XVe. siecle", 1887.

[10] Pastor, op. cit., vol. vii. Conforti, "Leone X ed il suo secolo", 1896. Roscoe, "Life and Pontificate of Leo X", 1883.

[11] Delprat, "Die Bruderschaft des gemeinsamen Lebens", 1840.

[12] Strauss, "Ulrich von Hutten", 2 auf., 1871 (Eng. Trans., 1874).

[13] "Clarorum virorum Epistolae latinae graecae et hebraicae", 1514.

[14] Janssen, "History of the German People", iii., pp. 44-79.

[15] Capey, "Erasmus", 1901.

[16] "Lefevre d'Etaples son influence sur les origines de la reforme Franc.", 1900.

[17] Lalanne, "Memoires de Me. de Valois", etc., 1858.

[18] On the Humanist movement in England, cf. Gasquet, "Eve of the Reformation", 1900, chap. ii. Seebohm, "Oxford Reformers" (Colet, Erasmus, More), 1867. Einstein, "The Italian Renaissance in England", 1902.

[19] "Cambridge Modern History", ii., p. 176. Janssen, op. cit., Eng. Trans., ii., chap. ii.

[20] Janssen, op. cit. Eng. Trans., vols. i.-iii. Pastor, op. cit., Eng. Trans., vols. i.-iii.

[21] Weiss, "Aeneas Silvius als Papst Pius II", 1897. Boulting, "Aeneas Silvius, Orator, Man of Letters, Statesman, and Pope", 1908.

[22] "Vitae Pontificum Romanorum", etc., 1479.

[23] Thomas, "Le Concordat de 1516", 1910.

[24] Burcadus, "Diarium Innocen. VIII et Alex. VI", Florence, 1884. "Diarium sive rerum urbanarum Commentarii" (1483-1506), 1883-5.

[25] Infessura, "Diario d. Citta di Roma", 1890.

[26] Tangl, "Das Taxwesen der papstlichen Kanzlei", 1892. Samaran et Mollat, "La fiscalite pontificate en France du XVe siecle", 1905. Kirsch, "Die papstlichen Kollektorien in Deutschland wahrend des 14 Jahr", 1894.

[27] Lux, "Constitutionum Apostolicarum de generali beneficiorum reservatione ab anno 1265 ad an. 1378", etc., 1904.

[28] Cf. Gasquet, "Eve of the Reformation", chap. ix. Janssen, op. cit., Eng. Trans., vol. i., pp. 9-86. Leclerc, "Memoire sur la predication au XIV siecle" ("Hist. Litter. de France", tom. xxiv.).

[29] Helyot, "Hist. des ordres monastiques", 8 vols., 1714-19. Henrion, "Allgem. Geschichte der Monchsorden", 1855.

[30] Paulus, "Welt und Ordensklerus beim Ausgange des 13 Jahrh", etc., 1901.

[31] Raynaldus, "Annal. an." 1515, 1516.

[32] Published in 1524.

[33] Lucas, "Fra Girolamo Savonarola", 1906. O'Neill, "Jerome Savonarola", 1898.

[34] Grisar, "Luther" (Eng. Trans.), i., p. 4.

[35] "Id." p. 8.

[36] Grisar, "Luther" (Eng. Trans.), i., p. 14.

[37] Id. chap. iv.

[38] Keller, "Johann von Staupitz und die Anfange der Reformation", 1888.

[39] Grisar, op. cit. (Eng. Trans.), i., 34, 323.

[40] Id. i., 34, Bd. iii., 957-8.

[41] Paulus, "Johann Tetzel, der Ablassprediger", 1899. "Die Deutschen Dominikaner im Kampfe gegen Luther", 1903.

[42] Grisar, op. cit. (Eng. Trans.), i., pp. 341-55.

[43] Kidd, "Documents of the Continental Reformation", pp. 20-6.

[44] Specially, Nos. 43, 45, 59, 86.

[45] "Dialogus . . . in presumptuosas M. Lutheri conclusiones de potestate Papae."

[46] Greving, "Johann Eck", etc., 1906.

[47] ""Beatissime Pater, prostratum me pedibus tuae beatitudinis offero cum omnibus quae sum et habeo. Vivifica, occide, voca, revoca, approba, reproba, ut placuerit. Vocem tuam vocem Christi in te praesidentis et loquentis agnoscam. Si mortem merui, mori non recusabo.""

[48] Pastor, op. cit., iv., 177-9.

[49] Creutzberg, "Karl von Miltitz", 1907.

[50] ""Coram Deo et tota creatura sua testor, me neque voluisse neque hodie velle Ecclesiae Romanae ac Beatitudinis Tuae potestem ullo modo tangere aut quacunque versutia demoliri; quin plenissime confiteor huius ecclesiae potestatem esse super omnia, nec ei praeferendum quidquid sive in coelo sive in terra praeter unum Jesum Christum Dominum omnium"" (3rd March, 1519). Kidd, op. cit., p. 43.

[51] Grisar, op. cit. (Eng. Trans.), i., 359.

[52] "Cambridge Modern History", ii., chaps. ii., iii.

[53] "Imperatorum nationis Germanicae gravamina ad Sadem Romanam", 1725.

[54] De Weldige-Kremer, "De Joannis Cochlaei Vita et Scriptis", 1865. He was one of the most energetic opponents of the Reformation party.

[55] Schwane, "Dogmengeschichte der neuren zeit", 1890, pp. 131-51, 210-240, 251-92.

[56] Grisar, op. cit., Bd. iii., 228.

[57] "De Libero Arbitrio", etc., 1524.

[58] Grisar, op. cit., Bd. i., pp. 483-502.

[59] Raynaldus, "Ann. Eccl." (ann. 1522).

[60] Pastor, op. cit., Bd. iv., pp. 212-393.

[61] "Of such slender dimensions was the original Protestant Church; small as it was, it was only held together by the negative character of its protest."--"Camb. Mod. Hist.", ii., p. 205.

[62] Negwer, "Wimpina", 1909.

[63] Hergenrother-Kirsch, op. cit., Bd. iii., p. 80.

[64] Pastor, op. cit., Bd. iv., 473-5.

[65] Hergenrother-Kirsch, op. cit., iii., pp. 102-8.

[66] For Luther's own views on the results of his preaching, cf. Dollinger, "Die Reformation", Bd. ii., pp. 426-52.

[67] Grisar, op. cit., Bd. ii., 382-436.

[68] Grisar, op. cit., Bd. iii., 211-30.

[69] That there can be no question of suicide is admitted (Paulus "Luthers Lebensende", 1898).

[70] "Tischreden" ("Table Talk"), cf. Grisar, ii., 178 sqq. Smith, "Luther's Table Talk", 1907. "Am. Ecc. Review" (1906, pp. 1-18).

[71] "Personal Character of Luther" ("Ir. Theol. Quart.", viii., p. 77-85).

[72] "Precis Historique de l'Abbaye et du Pelerinage de Notre-Dame-des- Ermites", 1870.

[73] "Realencycl. fur Protestantische Theol.", xxi., p. 778.

[74] Schwane, op. cit., p. 141.

[75] Schwane, op. cit., p. 349.

[76] Dollinger, "Die Reformation", i., pp. 430-51.

[77] Alzog, iii., 256-7.

[78] A Franciscan. He was the author of the "Confutatio Lutheranismi Danici", edited and published 1902.

[79] Baird, "Theodore Beza, Counsellor of the French Reform", 1900.

[80] Galli, "Die Lutheran, und Calvinist, Kirchenstrafen im Reformationszeitalter", 1878.

[81] Rouquette, "L'Inquisition protestante. Les victimes de Calvin", 1906. Galiffe, "Quelques pages d'histoire exacte sur les proces intentes a Geneve", 1862. Paulus, "Luther und Gewissensfreiheit", 1905. Id., "Melanchthon und Gewissensfreiheit" ("Katholik", i., 546 sqq.).

[82] Schwane, "Dogmengeschichte der neuerenzeit". Cunningham, "The Reformers and the Theology of the Reformation", 1862.

[83] Lefranc, "Les idees religieuses de Marguerite de Navarre", 1898.

[84] Thomas, "Le Concordat de 1516", 3 vols., 1910.

[85] Forneron, "Les Ducs de Guise", 1877.

[86] De Ruble, "Antoine de Bourbon", 2 vols., 1881-2.

[87] Marcks, "Gaspard von Coligny", 1892. Delaborde, "Gaspard de Coligny", 3 vols., 1879-83.

[88] De Ruble, "L'assassinat de Francois de Lorraine", 1898.

[89] Rouquette, "L'inquisition protestante, Les Saint-Barthelemy calvinistes", 1906.

[90] On the massacre of St. Bartholomew, cf. De la Ferriere, "La St. Barthelemy", 1892. Fauriel, "Essai sur les evenements qui ont precede et amene la St. Barthelemy", 1838. Bordier, "La St. Barthelemy et la critique moderne", 1879. Hanoteaux, "Etudes historiques sur le XVIe et le XVIIe siecle en France", 1886. Vacandard, "Etudes de critique et d'histoire religieuse", 1905. Id., "Les papes et la St. Barthelemy" ("Rev. du Cler. Francais", 1904).

[91] Richard, "La papaute et la ligue francaise", 1901. De Chalambert, "Histoire de la Ligue sous Henri III et Henri IV", 1898. De l'Epinois, "La Ligue et les papes", 1886.

[92] Caillet, "L'Administration en France sous le ministere du cardinal de Richelieu", 2 vols., 1863.

[93] Gerin, "Le Pape, Innocent XI et la Revocation de l'Edit de Nantes" ("Rev. des Quest. Historiques", xxiv.).

[94] Lacheret, "L'evolution religieuse de Guillaume le Taciturne", 1904.

[95] Rachfal, "Margareta von Parma", 1898.

[96] "Vita Ferdinandi Toletani, ducis Albani", 1669.

[97] Chap. I.

[98] Hefner, "Die Enstehungsgeschichte des trienter Rechtfertigungsdekrets", 1909.

[99] Pastor, op. cit., v., Ciacconius, "Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Roman", 1677. (741-98).

[100] Bromato, "Storia di Paolo IV", 1748.

[101] Kassourtz, "Die Reformvorschlage Kaiser Ferdinands I auf dem Konzil von Trient", 1906.

[102] Guillemin, "Le Cardinal de Lorraine, son influence politique et religieuse", 1881.

[103] Denzinger, "Enchiridion", 11th edition, 1908 (nos. 859, 903, 968, etc.)

[104] Op. cit., nos. 958-69.

[105] English translations by Donovan (1829), Buckley (1852), and Dr. Hagan (1912).

[106] "Catena, Vita del gloriossisimo Papa Pio V", 1587. Gabutius, "De Vita et rebus gestis Pii V", 1605. Antony, "Saint Pius V", 1911. Grente, "Saint Pie V", (""Les Saints""), 1914.

[107] Julien, "Papes et Sultans", 1880. De la Graviere, "La Guerre de Chypre et la bataille de Lepante", 1888.

[108] Pieper, "Zur Enstehungsgeschichte der standigen Nuntiaturem", 1894.

[109] Pierling, "Gregoire XIII et Ivan le Terrible" ("Revue des Quest. Histor.", 1886).

[110] Hubner, "Sixte-Quint", 3 vols., 1870.

[111] "Bullar. Rom.", iv. 4, 392.

[112] Wadding, "Vita Clementis VIII", Rome, 1723.

[113] McIntyre, "Giordano Bruno", 1903.

[114] Bzovius, "Vita Pauli V", 1625.

[115] Campbell, "Vita di Fra Paolo Sarpi", 1875. "Irish Ecc. Record" xv., 524-40.

[116] "Bullar. Romanum" (xii., 662 sqq.).

[117] Chinazzi, "Sede vacante per la morte del papa Urbano VIII e conclave di Innocenzo X", 1904.

[118] "Histoire du Ven Didier de la Cour, reformateur des Benedictins", 1772.

[119] De Lama, "Bibliotheque des ecrivains de la congregation de St. Maur", 1882.

[120] Da Forli, "Annali Cappuccini", 1882.

[121] Dumortier, "Saint Gaetan di Thiene", 1882.

[122] Dubois, "Le bienheureux A. M. Zaccaria fondateur des Barnabites", 1896.

[123] Sylvain, "Histoire de St. Charles Borromee", 3 vols., 1884.

[124] Perraud, "L'Oratoire de France au XVIIe et au XVIIIe siecle".

[125] Perraud, "L'Oratoire de France au XVIIe et au XVIIIe siecle", 1866.

[126] Girard, "La vie de St. Jean de Dieu", 1691.

[127] Hubert, "Der hl. Joseph Calasanza, stifter der frommen Schulen", 1886.

[128] Ravelet-O'Meara, "The Life of the Blessed John Baptist de la Salle", 1888. Lucard, "Annales de l'Institut des Freres des Ecoles Chretiennes", 1883.

[129] Paris became an archiepiscopal See in 1622.

[130] Lorti, "Saint Vincent de Paul et sa mission sociale", 1880.

[131] Degert, "Histoire des seminaires francais", 1912.

[132] Faillon, "Vie de M. Olier", 3 vols., 1873. Thompson, "Life of Jean Jacques Olier".

[133] Thompson, "Life of St. Ignatius", 1910. Clair, "La vie de S. Ignace", 1894.

[134] "Constitutiones Societatis Jesu Latine et Hispanice", 1892.

[135] Duhr, "Geschichte der Jesuiten in den Landen Deutscher Zunge", Bd. i., 1907.

[136] O'Reilly, "Life of St. Angela", 1880. Meer, "Die ersten Schwestern des Ursulinenordens", 1897.

[137] "Autobiography of St. Teresa", tr. from the French by B. Zimmerman, 1904.

[138] Hamon, "Vie de St. Francois de Sales", 2 vols., 1875.

[139] Bougaud, "Histoire de Ste. J. F. Chantal et des origines de la Visitation", 1899.

[140] Marcel, "Les Soeurs de Charite", 1888.

[141] Salome, "Mother Mary Ward, a Foundress of the 17th Century", 1901.

[142] Losche, "Geschichte des Protestantismus in Osterreich", 1902.

[143] Hartmann, "Der Prozess gegen die Protestantischen Landstande in Bayern unter Albrecht V.", 1904.

[144] Stieve, "Der Kampf um Donauworth", 1875.

[145] Villermont, "Tilly ou la guerre de trente ans", 1860.

[146] Halwich, "Geschichte Wallensteins", 1910.

[147] Gfrofer, "Gustav. Adolf.", 1863.

[148] Bull, "Zelo domus Dei".

[149] Launay, "Histoire generale de la Societe des Missions-Etrangeres", 1894.

[150] Coleridge, "Life and Letters of St. Francis Xavier", 1902.

[151] Bertrand, "La Mission du Madure", 1847.

[152] Brucker, "Le Pere Mattieu Ricci" ("Etudes", 1910).

[153] Daniel, "Histoire apologetique de la conduite des Jesuites de la Chine", 1724. Pray, "Historia Controvers. de ritibus Sinicis", 1724.

[154] Pages, "Histoire de la religion chretienne au Japan, 1598-1651", 1869.

[155] Dutto, "The Life of Bartolome de las Casas and the First Leaves of American Ecclesiastical History", 1902.

[156] De Berbourg, "Histoire des nations civilisees du Mexique et de l'Amerique centrale", 1851.

[157] Beauchamp, "Histoire du Bresil", 3 vols., 1815.

[158] Demersay, "Histoire ... du Paraquay et des Etablissements des Jesuites", 1860-4.

[159] De Moussy, "Memoire historique sur la decadence et la ruine des Missions de Jesuites" 1865. Weld, "The Suppression of the Society of Jesus in the Portuguese Dominions", 1877.

[160] Shea, "Catholic Missions among the Indian Tribes", 1857. Hughes, "The History of the Society of Jesus in North America", vol. i. (Text), 1907.

[161] Engelhardt, "The Missions and Missionaries of California", 1908.

[162] Shea, op. cit., pp. 76-88.

[163] "The Jesuit Relations", 1896-1901. Leclerc, "Etablissement de la foi dans la nouvelle France", 1680. Campbell, "Pioneer Priests of North America", 1908.

[164] Denzinger, op. cit., nos. 1001-1080.

[165] Calleawert, "Cornelius Jansenius d'Ypres, ses derniers moments, sa soumission", 1893.

[166] Montlaur, "Angelique Arnauld", 1902.

[167] Giraud, "Pascal, l'homme, l'ouevre, l'influence", 1905.

[168] Lecky, "The History of the Rise and Influence of Rationalism in Europe", 1913, p. 164.

[169] Quetif-Echard, "Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum", ii. 14.

[170] Id., ii. 144-51.

[171] Couderc, "Robert Bellarmin", 2 vols., 1893.

[172] Werner, "Franz Suarez und die Scholastik der letzten jahrhunderte", 1861.

[173] Chatellain, "Viz du Pere D. Petavius", 1884.

[174] De Mouy, "L'ambassade du duc de Crequi", 2 vols., 1893.

[175] Pacca, "Memorie storiche della nunziatura di Colonia".

[176] Scaduto, "Stato e chiesa sotto Leopoldo I, granduca di Toscana", 1885. Venturi, "Il vescovo de Ricci e la Corte Romana", 1885.

[177] Ingold, "Bossuet et la jansenisme", 1904.

[178] Denzinger, 11th edition, n. 1350.

[179] Denzinger, op. cit., nos. 1351-1451.

[180] Matthieu, "Histoire des miracles et des convulsionnaires de St. Medard", 1864.

[181] Denzinger, op. cit., nos. 1221-88.

[182] In the Brief, "Cum alias", Denzinger, op. cit., nos. 1327-49.

[183] On the "Monita Secreta", cf. Bernard, "Les instructions secretes des Jesuites", 1903. Duhr, "Jesuitenfabeln", 1904. Gerard, "Jesuit Bogey", etc. ("The Month", Aug., 1901, p. 179).

[184] Du Breuil, "Un ministre philosophe, Carvalho, marquis de Pombal" ("Revue historique", 1895, pp. 1 sqq.).

[185] Carayon, "Le pere ricci et la suppression de la compagnie de Jesus en 1773", 1869.

[186] Kawerau, "J. Agricola", 1881. Elwert, "De antinomia Agricolae", 1837.

[187] Moller, "Dr. Andreas Osiander", 1870.

[188] Preger, "M. Flacius Illyrikus und seine Zeit", 2 Bde., 1859-61.

[189] Dowling, "The Life and Correspondence of Christ", 1863.

[190] Maronier, "Jacobus Arminius", 1905. De Bray, "Histoire de l'eglise Arminienne", 1835.

[191] Keller, "Geschichte der Wiedertaufer und ihres Reichs", 1880.

[192] Schyn, "Historia Christianorum qui Mennonitae appellantur", 1723.

[193] Hofmann, "Caspar Schwenkfelds Leben und Lehren", 1897.

[194] Bock, "Historia Antitrinitariorum maxime Socinianismi", 1774-84. Lecler, "F. Socin", 1884.

[195] Denzinger, op. cit., no. 993.

[196] Ritchl, "Geschichte des Pietismus", 1880-6.

[197] Hossbach, "Ph. J. Spener und seine Zeit", 1853.

[198] Camerarius, "Historica narratio de Fratrum Orthodoxorum ecclesiis", etc., 1625. Hamilton, "A History of the Moravian Church or the Unitas Fratrum", 1900.

[199] Tafel, "Documents concerning the Life and Character of E. Swedenborg", 1875-77. Gorres, "Emanuel Swedenborg, seine visionen und sein verhaltniss zur Kirche", 1827.

[200] Pallavicini, "Vita de Alessandro VII", 1849.

[201] De Bildt, "The Conclave of Clement X", 1905.

[202] Bonamici, "Da Vita Innocenti XI", 1776.

[203] Lafiteau, "Vie de Clement XI", 1752.

[204] "Benedicti XIV Opera", 17 vols., 1839-46. Heiner, "Opera inedita", 1904. Guarnacci, "Vie du Pape Benoit XIV", 1783.

[205] Ferrari, "Vita Pii VI", 1802. Bourgoing, "Memoires historiques et philosophiques sur Pie VI et son pontificat", 1800.

[206] "Summa S. Thomas hodiernis Academiarum moribus accomodata".

[207] New edition, 10 vols., 1902-5.

[208] Denzinger, op. cit., no. 1219.

[209] Berthe-Castle, "Life of St. Alphonsus de' Liguori", 1905.

[210] Bausset, "Histoire de Bossuet", 4 vols., 1814. Jovy, "Etudes et recherches sur Jacques-Benigne Bossuet", etc., 1903.

[211] Bausset, "Histoire de Fenelon", 1809. De Broglie, "Episcopat de Fenelon", 1884.

[212] Bouillier, "Histoire de la philosophie cartesienne", 2 vols., 1868. Haldane, "Descartes, His Life and Times", 1906.

[213] Giraud, "Pascal, l'homme, l'oeuvre, l'influence", 1905. Janssens, "La philosophie et l'apologetique de Pascal", 1896.

[214] Andre, "Vie du R. P. Malebranche", 1886. Olle-Laprune, "La philosophie de Malebranche", 2 vols., 1870.

[215] Ferriere, "La doctrine de Spinoza exposee et commentee", 1899.

[216] Berthe-Castle, "Life of St. Alphonsus de' Liguori", 2 vols., 1905.

[217] Pius a Spiritu Sancto, "The Life of St. Paul of the Cross", 1868.

[218] Lupton, "Life of Dean Colet", 1887.

[219] Gasquet, "Eve of the Reformation", 142.

[220] Chalmers, "History of the College ... of Oxford". Mullinger, "The University of Cambridge to 1535".

[221] Leach, "English Schools at the Reformation", 1896, p. 6 (a valuable book).

[222] Gasquet, op. cit., ix-xiii., English works of Sir Thomas More, 1557, (especially "The Dyalogue", 1529).

[223] Wilkins, "Concilia", iii. 317.

[224] Gasquet, op. cit., chap. viii., "The Old English Bible", iv., v. Maitland, "The Dark Ages", 1845, no. xii.

[225] Gairdner, "Lollardy and the Reformation", vol. ii., 221-303.

[226] On this subject, cf. Gasquet, "Henry VIII and the English Monasteries". Gairdner, "Lollardy and the Reformation", vol. ii., 3-221. Jessopp, "Visitation of the Diocese of Norwich", 1492-1532 (Camden Society).

[227] "Cambridge Modern History", i., chap. xv.

[228] On the relations between the clergy and the laity, cf. Gairdner, op. cit., vol. i., 243-86. Gasquet, op. cit., chap. iii.-v. Gairdner, "History of the English Church in the Sixteenth Century", 41-59.

[229] Gairdner, "History of the English Church", p. 31.

[230] On this subject, cf. Lingard, "History of England", iii., 126-33. Wilkins, "Concilia" (for documents bearing on the authority of the Pope in England, see Index to this work). Lyndewood's "Provinciale seu Constitutiones Angliae" (1501, Synodal Constitutions of the Province of Canterbury). Moyes, "How English Bishops were made before the Reformation" ("Tablet", Dec., 1893). Maitland, "The Roman Law in the Church of England, and English Law and the Renaissance", 1901. Gairdner, "Lollardy", etc., i., 495-8.