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Objection 1: It would seem that Christ as man is the adopted Son
of God. For Hilary says (De Trin. ii) speaking of Christ:
"The dignity of power is not forfeited when carnal humanity is
adopted." Therefore Christ as man is the adopted Son of God.
Objection 2: Further, Augustine says (De Praedest. Sanct.
xv) that "by the same grace that Man is Christ, as from the birth
of faith every man is a Christian." But other men are Christians by
the grace of adoption. Therefore this Man is Christ by adoption:
and consequently He would seem to be an adopted son.
Objection 3: Further, Christ, as man, is a servant. But it is
of greater dignity to be an adopted son than to be a servant.
Therefore much more is Christ, as man, an adopted Son.
On the contrary, Ambrose says (De Incarn. viii): "We do not
call an adopted son a natural son: the natural son is a true son."
But Christ is the true and natural Son of God, according to 1
Jn. 5:20: "That we may . . . be in His true Son, Jesus
Christ." Therefore Christ, as Man, is not an adopted Son.
I answer that, Sonship belongs properly to the hypostasis or person,
not to the nature; whence in the FP, Question 32, Article 3.
we have stated that Filiation is a personal property. Now in Christ
there is no other than the uncreated person or hypostasis, to Whom it
belongs by nature to be the Son. But it has been said above
(Article 1, ad 2), that the sonship of adoption is a participated
likeness of natural sonship: nor can a thing be said to participate in
what it has essentially. Therefore Christ, Who is the natural Son
of God, can nowise be called an adopted Son.
But according to those who suppose two persons or two hypostases or two
supposita in Christ, no reason prevents Christ being called the
adopted Son of God.
Reply to Objection 1: As sonship does not properly belong to the
nature, so neither does adoption. Consequently, when it is said that
"carnal humanity is adopted," the expression is metaphorical: and
adoption is used to signify the union of human nature to the Person of
the Son.
Reply to Objection 2: This comparison of Augustine is to be
referred to the principle because, to wit, just as it is granted to
any man without meriting it to be a Christian, so did it happen that
this man without meriting it was Christ. But there is a difference on
the part of the term: because by the grace of union Christ is the
natural Son; whereas another man by habitual grace is an adopted son.
Yet habitual grace in Christ does not make one who was not a son to be
an adopted son, but is a certain effect of Filiation in the soul of
Christ, according to Jn. 1:14: "We saw His glory . . . as
it were of the Only-begotten of the Father; full of grace and
truth."
Reply to Objection 3: To be a creature, as also to be subservient
or subject to God, regards not only the person, but also the nature:
but this cannot be said of sonship. Wherefore the comparison does not
hold.
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