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Objection 1: It would seem that the sin of Christ's crucifiers was
not the most grievous. Because the sin which has some excuse cannot be
most grievous. But our Lord Himself excused the sin of His
crucifiers when He said: "Father, forgive them: for they know not
what they do" (Lk. 23:34). Therefore theirs was not the most
grievous sin.
Objection 2: Further, our Lord said to Pilate (Jn.
19:11): "He that hath delivered Me to thee hath the greater
sin." But it was Pilate who caused Christ to be crucified by his
minions. Therefore the sin of Judas the traitor seems to be greater
than that of those who crucified Him.
Objection 3: Further, according to the Philosopher (Ethic.
v): "No one suffers injustice willingly"; and in the same place he
adds: "Where no one suffers injustice, nobody works injustice."
Consequently nobody wreaks injustice upon a willing subject. But
Christ suffered willingly, as was shown above (Articles 1,2).
Therefore those who crucified Christ did Him no injustice; and hence
their sin was not the most grievous.
On the contrary, Chrysostom, commenting on the words, "Fill ye
up, then, the measure of your fathers" (Mt. 23:32), says:
"In very truth they exceeded the measure of their fathers; for these
latter slew men, but they crucified God."
I answer that, As stated above (Article 5), the rulers of the
Jews knew that He was the Christ: and if there was any ignorance in
them, it was affected ignorance, which could not excuse them.
Therefore their sin was the most grievous, both on account of the kind
of sin, as well as from the malice of their will. The Jews also of
the common order sinned most grievously as to the kind of their sin:
yet in one respect their crime was lessened by reason of their
ignorance. Hence Bede, commenting on Lk. 23:34, "Father,
forgive them, for they know not what they do," says: "He prays for
them who know not what they are doing, as having the zeal of God, but
not according to knowledge." But the sin of the Gentiles, by whose
hands He was crucified, was much more excusable, since they had no
knowledge of the Law.
Reply to Objection 1: As stated above, the excuse made by our
Lord is not to be referred to the rulers among the Jews, but to the
common people.
Reply to Objection 2: Judas did not deliver up Christ to Pilate,
but to the chief priests who gave Him up to Pilate, according to
Jn. 18:35: "Thy own nation and the chief priests have
delivered Thee up to me." But the sin of all these was greater than
that of Pilate, who slew Christ from fear of Caesar; and even
greater than the sin of the soldiers who crucified Him at the
governor's bidding, not out of cupidity like Judas, nor from envy
and hate like the chief priests.
Reply to Objection 3: Christ, indeed willed His Passion just as
the Father willed it; yet He did not will the unjust action of the
Jews. Consequently Christ's slayers are not excused of their
injustice. Nevertheless, whoever slays a man not only does a wrong to
the one slain, but likewise to God and to the State; just as he who
kills himself, as the Philosopher says (Ethic. v). Hence it was
that David condemned to death the man who "did not fear to lay hands
upon the Lord's anointed," even though he (Saul) had requested
it, as related 2 Kgs. 1:5-14.
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