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Objection 1: It would seem that humility concerns, not the appetite
but the judgment of reason. Because humility is opposed to pride.
Now pride concerns things pertaining to knowledge: for Gregory says
(Moral. xxxiv, 22) that "pride, when it extends outwardly to
the body, is first of all shown in the eyes": wherefore it is written
(Ps. 130:1), "Lord, my heart is not exalted, nor are my
eyes lofty." Now eyes are the chief aids to knowledge. Therefore it
would seem that humility is chiefly concerned with knowledge, whereby
one thinks little of oneself.
Objection 2: Further, Augustine says (De Virginit. xxxi) that
"almost the whole of Christian teaching is humility." Consequently
nothing contained in Christian teaching is incompatible with humility.
Now Christian teaching admonishes us to seek the better things,
according to 1 Cor. 12:31, "Be zealous for the better
gifts." Therefore it belongs to humility to restrain not the desire
of difficult things but the estimate thereof.
Objection 3: Further, it belongs to the same virtue both to
restrain excessive movement, and to strengthen the soul against
excessive withdrawal: thus fortitude both curbs daring and fortifies
the soul against fear. Now it is magnanimity that strengthens the soul
against the difficulties that occur in the pursuit of great things.
Therefore if humility were to curb the desire of great things, it
would follow that humility is not a distinct virtue from magnanimity,
which is evidently false. Therefore humility is concerned, not with
the desire but with the estimate of great things.
Objection 4: Further, Andronicus [De Affectibus] assigns
humility to outward show; for he says that humility is "the habit of
avoiding excessive expenditure and parade." Therefore it is not
concerned with the movement of the appetite.
On the contrary, Augustine says (De Poenit. [Serm. cccli])
that "the humble man is one who chooses to be an abject in the house of
the Lord, rather than to dwell in the tents of sinners." But choice
concerns the appetite. Therefore humility has to do with the appetite
rather than with the estimative power.
I answer that, As stated above (Article 1), it belongs properly
to humility, that a man restrain himself from being borne towards that
which is above him. For this purpose he must know his disproportion to
that which surpasses his capacity. Hence knowledge of one's own
deficiency belongs to humility, as a rule guiding the appetite.
Nevertheless humility is essentially in the appetite itself; and
consequently it must be said that humility, properly speaking,
moderates the movement of the appetite.
Reply to Objection 1: Lofty eyes are a sign of pride, inasmuch as
it excludes respect and fear: for fearing and respectful persons are
especially wont to lower the eyes, as though not daring to compare
themselves with others. But it does not follow from this that humility
is essentially concerned with knowledge.
Reply to Objection 2: It is contrary to humility to aim at greater
things through confiding in one's own powers: but to aim at greater
things through confidence in God's help, is not contrary to
humility; especially since the more one subjects oneself to God, the
more is one exalted in God's sight. Hence Augustine says (De
Virginit. xxxi): "It is one thing to raise oneself to God, and
another to raise oneself up against God. He that abases himself
before Him, him He raiseth up; he that raises himself up against
Him, him He casteth down."
Reply to Objection 3: In fortitude there is the same reason for
restraining daring and for strengthening the soul against fear: since
the reason in both cases is that man should set the good of reason
before dangers of death. But the reason for restraining presumptuous
hope which pertains to humility is not the same as the reason for
strengthening the soul against despair. Because the reason for
strengthening the soul against despair is the acquisition of one's
proper good lest man, by despair, render himself unworthy of a good
which was competent to him; while the chief reason for suppressing
presumptuous hope is based on divine reverence, which shows that man
ought not to ascribe to himself more than is competent to him according
to the position in which God has placed him. Wherefore humility would
seem to denote in the first place man's subjection to God; and for
this reason Augustine (De Serm. Dom. in Monte i, 4) ascribes
humility, which he understands by poverty of spirit, to the gift of
fear whereby man reveres God. Hence it follows that the relation of
fortitude to daring differs from that of humility to hope. Because
fortitude uses daring more than it suppresses it: so that excess of
daring is more like fortitude than lack of daring is. On the other
hand, humility suppresses hope or confidence in self more than it uses
it; wherefore excessive self-confidence is more opposed to humility
than lack of confidence is.
Reply to Objection 4: Excess in outward expenditure and parade is
wont to be done with a view of boasting, which is suppressed by
humility. Accordingly humility has to do, in a secondary way, with
externals, as signs of the inward movement of the appetite.
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