|
Objection 1: It would seem that defect is not a cause of fear.
Because those who are in power are very much feared. But defect is
contrary to power. Therefore defect is not a cause of fear.
Objection 2: Further, the defect of those who are already being
executed is extreme. But such like do not fear as stated in Rhet.
ii, 5. Therefore defect is not a cause of fear.
Objection 3: Further, contests arise from strength not from
defect. But "those who contend fear those who contend with them"
(Rhet. ii, 5). Therefore defect is not a cause of fear.
On the contrary, Contraries ensue from contrary causes. But
"wealth, strength, a multitude of friends, and power drive fear
away" (Rhet. ii, 5). Therefore fear is caused by lack of
these.
I answer that, As stated above (Article 1), fear may be set down
to a twofold cause: one is by way of a material disposition, on the
part of him that fears; the other is by way of efficient cause, on the
part of the person feared. As to the first then, some defect is, of
itself, the cause of fear: for it is owing to some lack of power that
one is unable easily to repulse a threatening evil. And yet, in order
to cause fear, this defect must be according to a measure. For the
defect which causes fear of a future evil, is less than the defect
caused by evil present, which is the object of sorrow. And still
greater would be the defect, if perception of the evil, or love of the
good whose contrary is feared, were entirely absent.
But as to the second, power and strength are, of themselves, the
cause of fear: because it is owing to the fact that the cause
apprehended as harmful is powerful, that its effect cannot be
repulsed. It may happen, however, in this respect, that some defect
causes fear accidentally, in so far as owing to some defect someone
wishes to hurt another; for instance, by reason of injustice, either
because that other has already done him a harm, or because he fears to
be harmed by him.
Reply to Objection 1: This argument is true of the cause of fear,
on the part of the efficient cause.
Reply to Objection 2: Those who are already being executed, are
actually suffering from a present evil; wherefore their defect exceeds
the measure of fear.
Reply to Objection 3: Those who contend with one another are
afraid, not on account of the power which enables them to contend: but
on account of the lack of power, owing to which they are not confident
of victory.
|
|