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Objection 1: It would seem that sin incurs a debt of punishment
infinite in quantity. For it is written (Jer. 10:24):
"Correct me, O Lord, but yet with judgment: and not in Thy
fury, lest Thou bring me to nothing." Now God's anger or fury
signifies metaphorically the vengeance of Divine justice: and to be
brought to nothing is an infinite punishment, even as to make a thing
out of nothing denotes infinite power. Therefore according to God's
vengeance, sin is awarded a punishment infinite in quantity.
Objection 2: Further, quantity of punishment corresponds to
quantity of fault, according to Dt. 25:2: "According to the
measure of the sin shall the measure also of the stripes be." Now a
sin which is committed against God, is infinite: because the gravity
of a sin increases according to the greatness of the person sinned
against (thus it is a more grievous sin to strike the sovereign than a
private individual), and God's greatness is infinite. Therefore an
infinite punishment is due for a sin committed against God.
Objection 3: Further, a thing may be infinite in two ways, in
duration, and in quantity. Now the punishment is infinite in
duration. Therefore it is infinite in quantity also.
On the contrary, If this were the case, the punishments of all
mortal sins would be equal; because one infinite is not greater than
another.
I answer that, Punishment is proportionate to sin. Now sin
comprises two things. First, there is the turning away from the
immutable good, which is infinite, wherefore, in this respect, sin
is infinite. Secondly, there is the inordinate turning to mutable
good. In this respect sin is finite, both because the mutable good
itself is finite, and because the movement of turning towards it is
finite, since the acts of a creature cannot be infinite.
Accordingly, in so far as sin consists in turning away from
something, its corresponding punishment is the "pain of loss," which
also is infinite, because it is the loss of the infinite good, i.e.
God. But in so far as sin turns inordinately to something, its
corresponding punishment is the "pain of sense," which is also
finite.
Reply to Objection 1: It would be inconsistent with Divine justice
for the sinner to be brought to nothing absolutely, because this would
be incompatible with the perpetuity of punishment that Divine justice
requires, as stated above (Article 3). The expression "to be
brought to nothing" is applied to one who is deprived of spiritual
goods, according to 1 Cor. 13:2: "If I . . . have not
charity, I am nothing."
Reply to Objection 2: This argument considers sin as turning away
from something, for it is thus that man sins against God.
Reply to Objection 3: Duration of punishment corresponds to
duration of fault, not indeed as regards the act, but on the part of
the stain, for as long as this remains, the debt of punishment
remains. But punishment corresponds to fault in the point of
severity. And a fault which is irreparable, is such that, of
itself, it lasts for ever; wherefore it incurs an everlasting
punishment. But it is not infinite as regards the thing it turns to;
wherefore, in this respect, it does not incur punishment of infinite
quantity.
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