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[1] See Hartman ("An. Xen." p. 339), who suggests {Otun auto} for {sun
auto}.
[2] See "Ages." iii. 4, where he is called Cotys.
[3] I.e. "Spartan counsellors."
[4] Or, "and may the wedding be blest!"
[5] Lit. "paradises." See "Anab." I. ii. 7; "Cyrop." I. iv. 11.
[6] Lit. "one hundred and sixty stades."
[7] Or, "captains posted to intercept them, who relieved . . ." See
"Anab." IV. i. 14.
[8] See "Pol. Lac." xiii. 11, for these officers.
[9] "Ages." v. 4; Plut. "Ages." xi. (Clough, iv. p. 14).
[10] See "Hell." I. i. 6.
[11] Lit. "paradises."
[12] Theopompus of Chios, the historian (b. B.C. 378, fl. B.C. 333),
"in the eleventh book [of his {Suntazis Ellenikon}] borrowed
Xenophon's lively account of the interview between Agesilaus and
Pharnabazus (Apollonius apud Euseb. B, "Praep. Evang." p. 465)."
See "Hist. Lit. of Anc. Gr.," Muller and Donaldson, ii. p. 380.
[13] Or, add, "we call them guest friends."
[14] Or, "so subtle a force, it seems, is the love of honour that."
Grote, "H. G." ix. 386; cf. Herod. iii. 57 for "ambition,"
{philotimia}.
[15] {phalara}, bosses of gold, silver, or other metals, cast or
chased, with some appropriate device in relief, which were worn as
an ornamental trapping for horses, affixed to the head-stall or to
a throat-collar, or to a martingale over the chest.--Rich's
"Companion to Lat. Dict. and Greek Lex.," s.v.
[16] See Grote, ix. 387; Plut. "Ages." xiv. (Clough, iv. 15); "Ages."
iii. 5. The incident is idealised in the "Cyrop." I. iv. 26 foll.
See "Lyra Heroica": CXXV. A Ballad of East and West--the incident
of the "turqoise-studded rein."
[17] "Anab." VII. viii. 7.
[18] Vide Strab. xiii. 606, 613. Seventy stades from Thebe.
[19] Or, "that the perfection of equipment was regarded as anticipative
of actual service in the field." Cobet suggests for {eukrinein}
{dieukrinein}; cf. "Oecon." viii. 6.
[20] Lit. "at least four talents" = 975 pounds.
[21] Or, "beyond which, the arms and material to equip the expedition
were no doubt highly costly."
[22] At Corinth. See above, III. iv. 11; below, V. iv. 61, where the
victory of Nixos is described but not localised.
[23] Or, "if not actually at Lacedaemon, then at least as near as
possible to the hornet's nest."
[24] I.e. "the shores of the Corinthian Gulf." Or, "upon the strand or
coast road or coast land of Achaia" [aliter {ten aigialon}(?) the
Strand of the Corinthian Gulf, the old name of this part of
Achaia].
[25] Or, "the district of Nemea."
[26] {epelthontes}, but see Grote ("H. G." ix. 425 note), who prefers
{apelthontes} = retreated and encamped.
[27] Lit. "ten stades." For the numbers below, see Grote, "H. G." ix.
422, note 1.
[28] Halieis, a seafaring people (Strabo, viii. 373) and town on the
coast of Hermionis; Herod. vii. 137; Thuc. i. 105, ii. 56, iv. 45;
Diod. xi. 78; "Hell." VI. ii. 3.
[29] For a treaty between Athens and Eretria, B.C. 395, see Hicks, 66;
and below, "Hell." IV. iii. 15; Hicks, 68, 69; Diod. xiv. 82.
[30] See above, "Hell." III. v. 3.
[31] See below, "Hell." IV. vi. 1; ib. vii. 1; VI. v. 23.
[32] Or, "then they lost no time in discovering that the victims
proved favourable."
[33] See Grote, "H. G." ix. 428; cf. Lys. "pro Mant." 20.
[34] Lit. "a stade."
[35] Lit. "our Lady of the Chase." See "Pol. Lac." xiii. 8.
[36] Lit. "men on either side kept dropping at their post."
[37] Lit. "tribes."
[38] I.e. "right."
[39] See "Pol. Lac." xiv. 4.
[40] See below, "Hell." IV. viii. 3.
[41] See "Ages." ii. 2; Grote, "H. G." ix. 420, note 2.
[42] See Rustow and Kochly, S. 187 foll.
[43] See Thuc. v. 72; Herod. vi. 56, viii. 124.
[44] Lit. "and bids them pass the order to the others and themselves to
charge," etc.
[45] See "Horsemanship," vii. 16; Polyb. iv. 8.
[46] B.C. 394, August 14.
[47] "Splendide mendax." For the ethics of the matter, see "Mem." IV.
ii. 17; "Cyrop." I. vi. 31.
[48] Lit. "a mora"; for the numbers, see "Ages." ii. 6; Plut. "Ages."
17; Grote, "H. G." ix. 433.
[49] I.e. "enfranchised helots."
[50] See "Ages." ii. 10, 11; and above, "Hell." III. iv. 20.
[51] See Hicks, op. cit. 68.
[52] Lit. "a stade."
[53] Lit. "Alalah."
[54] Like a tornado.
[55] Lit. "about three plethra."
[56] Or, "All these made up the attacking columns . . . and coming
within . . . routed . . ."
[57] Or, "they slew, they were slain." In illustration of this famous
passage, twice again worked up in "Ages." ii. 12, and "Cyrop."
VII. i. 38, commented on by Longinus, {peri upsous}, 19, and
copied by Dio Cassius, 47, 45, I venture to quote a passage from
Mr. Rudyard Kipling, "With the Main Guard," p. 57, Mulvaney
loquitur: "The Tyrone was pushin' an' pushin' in, an' our men was
sweerin' at thim, an' Crook was workin' away in front av us all,
his sword-arm swingin' like a pump-handle an' his revolver
spittin' like a cat. But the strange thing av ut was the quiet
that lay upon. 'Twas like a fight in a dhrame--excipt for thim
that wus dead."
[58] = 25,000 pounds nearly.
[59] Or, "not to speak of provisions."
[60] B.C. 393. See Grote, ix. p. 455, note 2 foll.; "Hell." IV. viii.
7.
[61] Others assign the incidents of this whole chapter iv. to B.C. 393.
[62] The festival of Artemis Eucleia.
[63] See Diod. xiv. 86.
[64] See Paus. II. ii. 4.
[65] {eunomia}. See "Pol. Ath." i. 8; Arist. "Pol." iv. 8, 6; iii. 9,
8; v. 7, 4.
[66] Or, "showed him the place in so straightforward a manner."
[67] See Grote, ix. p. 333 foll.
[68] Or, "plunged from its summit into perdition." See Thuc. ii. 4.
[69] Or, "Heaven assigned to them a work . . ." Lit. "The God . . ."
[70] I.e. "of Lechaeum."
[71] So Grote and Curtius; al. B.C. 393.
[72] Lit. "laconism."
[73] See Thuc. ii. 4.
[74] See Grote, ix. 472 note. Lechaeum was not taken by the
Lacedaemonians until the Corinthian long walls had been rebuilt by
the Athenians. Possibly the incidents in this section (S. 17)
occurred after the capture of Lechaeum. The historian introduces
them parenthetically, as it were, in illustration of his main
topic--the success of the peltasts.
[75] Or, adopting Schneider's conjecture, {estratopedeuonto}, add "and
encamping."
[76] See Thuc. vi. 98.
[77] Reading {Tenean}, Koppen's emendation for {tegean}. In the
parallel passage ("Ages." ii. 17) the text has {kata ta stena}.
See Grote, "H. G." ix. 471.
[78] See below, IV. viii. 11.
[79] Al. B.C. 392. The historian omits the overtures for peace, B.C.
391 (or 391-390) referred to in Andoc. "De Pace." See Jebb, "Att.
Or." i. 83, 108; Grote, "H. G." ix. 474; Curtius, "H. G." Eng. tr.
iv. 261.
[80] Grote and Curtius believe these to be the Isthmian games of 390
B.C., not of 392 B.C., as Sauppe and others suppose. See Peter,
"Chron. Table," p. 89, note 183; Jowett, "Thuc." ii. 468, note on
VIII. 9, 1.
[81] Lit. "road to Cenchreae."
[82] Near mod. Lutraki.
[83] Or, "Heraeum," i.e. sanctuary of Hera, on a promontory so called.
See Leake, "Morea," iii. 317.
[84] See "Hell." III. ii. 12, if the same.
[85] Or, "on the round pavilion by the lake" (mod. Vuliasmeni).
[86] Technically "mora."
[87] Lit. the polemarchs, penteconters, and xenagoi.
[88] See "Pol. Lac." xiii. 1.
[89] See Grote, "H. G." ix. 480, in reference to "Ages." vii. 6.
[90] See Grote, "H. G." ix. 488.
[91] Observed on three days of the month Hecatombaeus (= July). See
Muller's "Dorians," ii. 360. For Amyclae, see Leake, "Morea," i.
ch. iv. p. 145 foll.; Baedeker's "Greece," p. 279.
[92] See below, "Hell." VI. iv. 12; and "Pol. Lac." xi. 4, xiii. 4.
[93] Lit. "twenty or thirty stades."
[94] See Cobet, "Prosop. Xen." p. 67 foll.
[95] See Grote, "H. G." ix. 467, note on the improvements of
Iphicrates.
[96] Grote, "H. G." ix. 484; cf. "Hell." IV. viii. 39; "Anab." IV. ii.
20; Herod. ix. 10-29.
[97] Youngest rank and file, between eighteen and twenty-eight years
of age, who formed the first line. The Spartan was liable to
service at the age of eighteen. From twenty-eight to thirty-three
he would belong to the fifteen-years-service division (the second
line); and so on. See below, IV. vi. 10.
[98] See Thuc. iv. 125.
[99] Lit. "two stades."
[100] Lit. "sixteen or seventeen stades."
[101] See Grote, "H. G." ix. 486.
[102] Lit. "owing to."
[103] The illustrative incidents narrated in chapter iv. 17 may belong
to this period.
[104] According to others (who suppose that the Isthmia and the events
recorded in chapter v. 1-19 above belong to B.C. 392), we have now
reached B.C. 391.
[105] Or, "having conferred a city organisation on the Calydonians."
[106] See Thuc. ii. 68.
[107] "The Akarnanians had, in early times, occupied the hill of Olpai
as a place for judicial proceedings common to the whole nation"
(see Thuc. iii. 105). "But in Thucydides' own time Stratos had
attained its position as the greatest city of Akarnania, and
probably the Federal Assemblies were already held there" (Thuc.
ii. 80). "In the days of Agesilaos we find Stratos still more
distinctly marked as the place of Federal meeting."--Freeman,
"Hist. Fed. Gov." ch. iv. p. 148 foll., "On the constitution of
the League."
[108] Lit. "one hundred and sixty stades."
[109] See Thuc. ii. 80; vi. 106.
[110] I.e. "the first two ranks." See above, IV. v. 14.
[111] See "Ages." ii. 20, for an extraordinary discrepancy.
[112] Or lit. "burning and felling."
[113] Or Antirrhium (as more commonly called).
[114] According to others, B.C. 390.
[115] Or, "It was agreed by the Lacedaemonians."
[116] I.e. "the season of the Carneia."
[117] Or, "wrongfully put forward." See below, V. i. 29; iii. 28; Paus.
III. v. 8; Jebb. "Att. Or." i. p. 131; Grote, "H. G." ix. 494
foll.; Jowett, "Thuc." ii. 315; note to Thuc. V. liv. 3.
[118] Grote; cf. Aristot. "Rhet." ii. 33.
[119] Or, "interpret the signal as a summons to advance."
[120] See above, "Hell." IV. iv. 19.
[121] The pentathlon of Olympia and the other great games consisted of
five contests, in the following order--(1) leaping, (2) discus-
throwing, (3) javelin-throwing, (4) running, (5) wrestling. Cf.
Simonides, {alma podokeien diskon akonta palen}, where, "metri
gratia," the order is inverted. The competitors were drawn in
pairs. The odd man who drew a bye in any particular round or heat
was called the "ephedros." The successful athletes of the pairs,
that is, those who had won any three events out of five, would
then again be drawn against each other, and so on until only two
were left, between whom the final heat took place. See, for an
exhaustive discussion of the subject, Prof. Percy Gardner, "The
Pentathlon of the Greeks" ("Journal of Hellenic Studies," vol. i.
9, p. 210 foll. pl. viii.), from whom this note is taken.
[122] See Thuc. vii. 57.
[123] {peri tas eirktas}--what these were no one knows, possibly a
stone quarry used as a prison. Cf. "Cyrop." III. i. 19; "Mem." II.
i. 5; see Grote, "H. G." ix. 497; Paus. III. v.. 8.
[124] Or Celossa. See Strabo, viii. 382.
[125] I.e. "hopeless." See above, III. iv. 15.
[126] Lit. "the Laconian harmosts."
[127] See Hicks, 70, "Honours to Konon," Inscript. found at Erythrae in
Ionia. Cf. Diod. xiv. 84.
[128] See Diod. xiv. 83.
[129] See above, "Hell." II. i. 27 foll.
[130] See above, "Hell." IV. iii. 3.
[131] Lit. "harmosts."
[132] Or, "we are beaten, ergo, it is all over with us."
[133] Lit. "eight stades."
[134] Lit. "harmosts."
[135] See Demos. "de Cor." 96.
[136] See Lys. xix. "de bon. Arist." 19 foll.; and Hicks, 71, "Honours
to Dionysios I. and his court"; Grote, "H. G." ix. 453.
[137] Mod. Kalamata.
[138] See "Hell." I. i. 23.
[139] According to Grote ("H. G." ix. 471, note 2), this section
summarises the Lacedaemonian maritime operations in the Corinthian
Gulf from the late autumn of 393 B.C. till the appointment of
Teleutias in the spring or early summer of 391 B.C., the year of
the expedition of Agesilaus recounted above, "Hell." IV. iv. 19.
[140] See Plut. "Ages." xxiii. (Clough, iv. p. 27); and for the date
B.C. 392 (al. B.C. 393) see Grote, "H. G." ix. 498.
[141] See Andoc. "de Pace"; Jebb, "Attic Or." i. 83, 128 foll. Prof.
Jebb assigns this speech to B.C. 390 rather than B.C. 391. See
also Grote, "H. G." ix. 499; Diod. xiv. 110.
[142] See Diod. xiv. 85; and Corn. Nep. 5.
[143] Al. B.C. 392, al. B.C. 390.
[144] See "Hell." VII. i. 40; "Cyrop." I. iv. 17; III. iii. 23; "Anab."
VI. iii. 3.
[145] Grote, "H. G." ix. 504; al. B.C. 391.
[146] Or, "the Lacedaemonians were not slow to perceive that the whole
island of Rhodes was destined to fall either into the hands of
Athens or of themselves, according as the democracy or the
wealthier classes respectively dominated."
[147] See "Anab." VII. viii. 9 for a similar exploit.
[148] See above, IV. viii. 11.
[149] See Diod. xiv. 98; Hicks, 72; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. p. 397;
Isoc. "Evag." 54-57; Paus. I. iii. 1; Lys. "de bon. Ar." 20; Dem.
p. 161.
[150] Grote, "H. G." ix. 507.
[151] Al. Amedocus.
[152] For Seuthes, see above, "Hell." III. ii. 2, if the same.
[153] For the varying fortunes of the democrats at Byzantium in 408
B.C. and 405 B.C., see above, "Hell." I. iii. 18; II. ii. 2); for
the present moment, 390-389 B.C., see Demosth. "c. Lept." 475; for
the admission of Byzantium into the new naval confederacy in 378
B.C., see Hicks, 68; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 19; and for B.C. 363,
Isocr. "Phil." 53; Diod. xv. 79; and for its commercial
prosperity, Polyb. iv. 38-47.
[154] According to some critics, B.C. 389 is only now reached.
[155] See Diod. xiv. 94.
[156] "Thus perished the citizen to whom, more than any one else,
Athens owed not only her renovated democracy, but its wise,
generous, and harmonious working, after renovation."--Grote, "H.
G." ix. 509.
[157] For this statesman, see Demosth. "c. Timocr." 742; Andoc. "de
Myst." 133; Aristot. "Ath. Pol." 41, and Mr. Kenyon's notes ad
loc.; Aristoph. "Eccles." 102, and the Schol. ad loc.; Diod. xiv.
99; Curtius, "H. G." Eng tr. iv. 280.
[158] Or, "The mass of them."
[159] See Grote, "H. G." ix. p. 491 note. The "Argolising" or philo-
Argeian party, as opposed to the philo-Laconian party. See above,
"Hell." IV. iv. 6.
[160] Or, "sauve qui peut."
[161] See Hicks, 76; and below, "Hell." V. i. 31.
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