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[1] I.e. the official year from spring to spring. See Peter, "Chron.
Table" 95, note 215; see Grote, "H. G." x. 346, note 1.
[2] See Hicks, 89.
[3] For the phrase {epi toi isois kai omoiois}, implying "share and
share alike," see Thuc. i. 145, etc.
[4] See "Pol. Ath." i. 19 foll.
[5] See "Hell." II. i.
[6] Or, "the spirit of discipline." See "Mem." III. v. 16; IV. iv. 15;
Thuc. ii. 39; "Pol. Lac." viii.
[7] Or, "with unlimited confidence."
[8] See above, "Hell." VI. i. 13, {kai su prattois ta kratista}, "and
so may the best fortune attend you!"--if that reading and
rendering be adopted.
[9] See above, "Hell." VI. iii. 2; Hicks, 87.
[10] See "Revenues," v. 7.
[11] See Grote, "H. G." x. 349 foll.; al. B.C. 368.
[12] "During the wars of Epameinondas Pellene adhered firmly to her
Spartan policy, at a time when other cities were, to say the
least, less strenuous in the Spartan cause."--Freeman, "Hist. Fed.
Gov." p. 241. Afterwards Pellene is found temporarily on the
Theban side ("Hell." VII. ii. 11).
[13] Lit. "thirty stades."
[14] Or, "intent on their personal concerns." See "Hell." II. iv. 6;
"Hipparch." vii. 12.
[15] And took (apparently); see below; Diod. xv. 69.
[16] See "Anab." III. iv. 43; and above, "Hell." V. iii. 23.
[17] Lit. "four plethra."
[18] LIt. "three or four stades."
[19] "East of Sicyon was Epieiceia (see above, "Hell." IV. ii. 14, iv.
13) on the river Nemea. In the same direction was the fortress
Derae." ("Dict. Anct. Geog." "Topography of Sicyonia"), al. Gerae.
So Leake ("Morea," iii. 376), who conjectures that this fortress
was in the maritime plain.
[20] For the plan of an Arcadian Federation and the part played by
Lycomedes, its true author, "who certainly merits thereby a high
place among the statesmen of Greece," see Freeman, "Hist. Fed.
Gov." ch. iv. p. 199 foll.
[21] For this claim on the part of the Arcadians, see "Anab." VI. ii.
10 foll.
[22] Or, "Lacedaemonians under another name."
[23] {arkhontas}, see below, "Hell." VII. iv. 33. The formal title of
these Federal magistrates may or may not have been {arkhontes};
Freeman, "H. F. G." 203, note 6.
[24] See Grote, "H. G." x. 356.
[25] Or, "regarded themselves as the very perfection of soldiery."
[26] In reference to "Hell." III. ii. 25 foll., see Freeman, op. cit.
p. 201, and below, "Hell." VII. iv. 12 (B.C. 365); Busolt, op.
cit. p. 186 foll., in reference to Lasion.
[27] Busolt, p. 150.
[28] See Hicks, 84, p. 152; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. 51; Grote, "H. G."
x. 357; Curtius, "H. G." (Eng. tr.) iv. 458; Diod. xv. 90.
[29] See above, V. i. 28; "Ages." ii. 26.
[30] See Hicks, 86.
[31] See above, SS. 20, 22, p. 191 foll. The date is B.C. 368
according to Grote, "H. G." x. 362 foll.; al. B.C. 367.
[32] Or, "Melea," or "Malea." E. Curtius conjectures {Meleas} for
{Medeas} of the MSS., and probably the place referred to is the
township of Malea in the Aegytis (Pausan. VIII. xxvii. 4); see
above, "Hell." VI. v. 24, "the Maleatid." See Dind. "Hist. Gr.,"
Ox. MDCCCLIII., note ad loc.; Curtius, "H. G." iv. 459; Grote, "H.
G." x. 362.
[33] Or, "the resting-place"; cf. mod. "Khan." L. and S. cf. Arist.
"Frogs," 113. "Medea," below, is probably "Malea," (see last
note).
[34] See Plut. "Ages." 53 (Clough, vol. iv. p. 41).
[35] See Xen. "Apolog." 12; Homer, "Il." ii. 353; "Od." xx. 113 foll.
[36] According to Diod. xv. 72, ten thousand of the enemy fell.
[37] See Plut. "Pelop." 30 (Clough, vol. ii. p. 230). For the date see
Grote, "H. G." x. 365, 379; Curtius, "H. G." iv. 460.
[38] See Thuc. iii. 58, 59, 60.
[39] See above, "Hell." III. iv. 3; Lincke, "Zur. Xen. Krit." p. 315.
[40] See Grote, "H. G." x. 402; and "Ages." viii. 3.
[41] See above, VI. v. 6; Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." 202; Demosth. "F.
L." 220, etc.
[42] Or, "the golden plane-tree they romance about would not suffice
to," etc.
[43] B.C. 367, according to Grote, "H. G." x. 365, note 1; al. B.C.
366.
[44] See Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." p. 241: "We read of local
oligarchies (in the several cities of Achaia) which Epameinondas
found and left in possession, but which the home government of
Thebes thought good to expel, and to substitute democracies under
the protection of Theban harmosts. This policy did not answer, as
the large bodies of exiles thus formed contrived to recover the
cities, and to bring them to a far more decided Spartan
partisanship than before."
[45] Lit. "harmosts."
[46] See Grote, "H. G." x. 379.
[47] Lit. "the Argives and the Arcadians."
[48] Lit. "on fair and equal terms." See Thuc. v. 79.
[49] "Thyamia is placed by Ross on the lofty hill of Spiria, the
northern prolongation of Tricaranum, between the villages Stimanga
and Skrapani."--"Dict. Anct. Geog." "Phlius."
[50] See above, "VI." v. 29.
[51] See "Hell." VII. i. 18.
[52] B.C. 369? al. B.C. 368. See above, "Hell." VII. i. 15; Grote, "H.
G." x. 346.
[53] See above, "Hell." VII. i. 18, and below, S. 8.
[54] Or, "one member of both the squads of five was left behind"--i.e.
two out of the ten could not keep up with the rest in their
flight, and were taken and killed; one indeed had not started, but
was killed in sleep.
[55] Or, "downwards" (L. and S.); or, "in front," "von vorn" (Buchs).
[56] Reading, {tous eti toi teikhous}. See Otto Keller for various
emendations of the passage.
[57] In true Homeric fashion, as Pollux (ii. 64) observes. See Homer,
"Il." vi. 484. See above, VII. i. 32; "Cyrop." VII. v. 32;
"Hiero," iii. 5; "Sym." ii. 24; "Antony and Cleopatra," III. ii.
43.
[58] B.C. 368 (or 367).
[59] The Asopus.
[60] B.C. 367 (or 366).
[61] Lit. "above the Heraion" (where his main body lay).
[62] What is the date of this incident? See above, "Hell." VII. ii. 3;
below VII. iv. 17.
[63] See "Anab." VII. iii. 46.
[64] Is this man the famous writer {o taktikos}, a portion of whose
works, the "Treatise on Siege Operations," has been preserved
[recently re-edited by Arnold Hug--"Commentarius Poliorceticus,"
Lips. Trubner, 1884]? So Casaubon supposed. Cf. "Com. Pol." 27,
where the writer mentions {paneia} as the Arcadian term for
"panics." Readers of the "Anabasis" will recollect the tragic end
of another Aeneas, also of Stymphalus, an Arcadian officer. On the
official title {strategos} (general), Freeman ("Hist. Fed. Gov."
204) notes that "at the head of the whole League there seems to
have been, as in so many other cases, a single Federal general."
Cf. Diod. xv. 62.
[65] See above, VII. i. 46.
[66] Or, "on an opposition journey."
[67] Lit. "the sound of soul."
[68] Or, "they have been judge and jury both, and executioners to
boot."
[69] See above, V. iv. 2.
[70] Or, as we should say, "in violation of conscience."
[71] Or, "he was wrongfully slain."
[72] For this right of extradition see Plut. "Lys." xxvii.
[73] See above, VII. ii. 23; iii. 3; Diod. xv. 76.
[74] See Thuc. viii. 60.
[75] See above, VII. i. 23.
[76] This proves that "the Ten Thousand made war and peace in the name
of all Arkadia"; cf. "Hell." VII. i. 38; Diod. xv. 59. "They
received and listened to the ambassadors of other Greek states";
Demosth. "F. L." 220. "They regulated and paid the standing army
of the Federation"; "Hell." VII. iv. 22, 23; Diod. xv. 62. "They
sat in judgment on political offenders against the collective
majority of the Arkadian League"; "Hell." VII. iv. 33; Freeman,
"Hist. Fed. Gov." 203, note 1.
[77] Of Demotion nothing more, I think, is known. Grote ("H. G." x.
397) says: "The public debates of the Athenian assembly were not
favourable to the success of a scheme like that proposed by
Demotion, to which secrecy was indispensable. Compare another
scheme" (the attempted surprise of Mitylene, B.C. 428), "divulged
in like manner, in Thuc. iii. 3."
[78] See Isocr. "Or." vi. "Archidamos," S. 70; Jebb, "Att. Or." ii.
193.
[79] Or, "as a post held by them within the territory of the state."
The passage is perhaps corrupt.
[80] Concerning Dionysius the first, see above, VII. i. 20 foll. 28.
[81] See above, VII. i. 26; Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." p. 201.
[82] From the sequel it would appear that the former were a picked
corps of infantry and the latter of cavalry. See Thuc. ii. 25;
Busolt, op. cit. p. 175 foll.
[83] The mountainous district of Elis on the borders of Arcadia, in
which the rivers Peneius and Ladon take their rise; see "Dict. of
Anct. Geog." s.v.; above, III. ii. 30, IV. ii. 16. Thraustus was
one of the four chief townships of the district. For Margana, see
above, III. ii. 25, 30, IV. ii. 16, VI. v. 2.
[84] I.e. Elis.
[85] See below, VII. iv. 31; Busolt, op. cit. p. 175.
[86] Pylus, a town in "hollow" Elis, upon the mountain road from Elis
to Olympia, at the place where the Ladon flows into the Peneius
(Paus. VI. xxii. 5), near the modern village of Agrapidokhori.--
Baedeker, "Greece," p. 320. See Busolt, p. 179.
[87] This fortress (placed by Leake at modern Xylokastro) lay at the
entrance of the gorge of the Sys, leading from the Aigialos or
coast-land into the territory of Pellene, which itself lay about
sixty stades from the sea at modern Zougra. For the part played by
Pellene as one of the twelve Achaean states at this period, see
above.
[88] See Grote, "H. G." x. 429 foll.; al. B.C. 364.
[89] The port town of Elis.
[90] Cromnus, a township near Megalopolis. See Callisthenes, ap.
Athen. 10, p. 452 A. See Schneider's note ad loc.
[91] Lit. "lochi." See Arnold's note to Thuc. v. 68; below, VII. v.
10.
[92] So the troops of the Arcadian Federation were named. Diodorus
(xv. 62) calls them "the select troops," {tous kaloumenous
epilektous}.
[93] See above, III. i. 22.
[94] A strong fortress in an unfrequented situation, defended by
narrow passes (Leake, "Morea," ii. 204); it lay probably in the
rocky recesses of Mount Scollis (modern Santameri), on the
frontier of Achaea, near the modern village of Santameri. See
Polyb. iv. 75. See Busolt, op. cit. p. 179.
[95] "The Thebans must have been soldiers in garrison at Tegea,
Megalopolis, or Messene."--Grote, "H. G." x. 433.
[96] I.e. "Ol. 104. 1" (July B.C. 364).
[97] For this claim on the part of the Pisatans (as the old
inhabitants), see above, III. ii. 31; Paus. VI. xxii. 2; Diod. xv.
78; Busolt, op. cit. p. 154.
[98] As to the pentathlon, see above, IV. vii. 5. Whether the
preceding {ippodromia} was, at this date, a horse or chariot race,
or both, I am unable to say.
[99] "The {temenos} must here be distinguished from the Altis, as
meaning the entire breadth of consecrated ground at Olympia, of
which the Altis formed a smaller interior portion enclosed with a
wall. The Eleians entered into a {temenos} before they crossed the
river Kladeus, which flowed through the {temenos}, but alongside
the Altis. The tomb of Oenomaus, which was doubtless included in
the {temenos}, was on the right bank of the Kladeus (Paus. VI.
xxi. 3); while the Altis was on the left bank of the river."--
Grote, "H. G." x. 438, note 1. For the position of the Altis
(Paus. V. x. 1) and several of the buildings here mentioned, and
the topography of Olympia in general, see Baedeker's "Greece," p.
322 foll.; and Dorpfeld's Plan ("Olympia und Umgegend," Berlin,
1882), there reproduced.
[100] Or, "from the porticoes of the senate-house and the great
temple."
[101] See above, VII. i. 24. "Were these magistrates, or merely popular
leaders?"--Freeman, "Hist. Fed. Gov." p. 203, note 3.
[102] Or, "Select Troop." See above.
[103] "The common formula for a Greek confederation, {to koinon ton
'Arkadon}, is used as an equivalent of {oi mupioi}" (here and
below, SS. 35, 38)--Freeman, op. cit. 202, note 4.
[104] See below, VII. v. 1, {oi kedouenoi tes Peloponnesou}. I regard
these phrases as self-laudatory political catchwords.
[105] For a treaty of alliance between Athens, the Arkadians, Achaeans,
Eleians, and Phliasians, immediately before Mantinea, B.C. 362,
{epi Molonos arkhontos}, see Hicks, 94; Kohler, "C. I. A." ii. p.
405. It is preserved on a stele ("broken at bottom; but the top is
surmounted by a relief representing Zeus enthroned, with a
thunderbolt; a female figure [= the {Summakhia}?] approaches
lifting her veil, while Athena stands by") now standing among the
sculptures from the Asklepieion on the Acropolis at Athens. See
Milchhofer, p. 47, no. 7, "Die Museum," Athens, 1881. For the
date, see Demosth. "c. Polycl." 1207.
[106] For Alexander of Pherae, see above, VI. iv. 34. In B.C. 363 the
Thebans had sent an army under Pelopidas into Thessaly to assist
their allies among the Thessalians with the Phthiot Achaeans and
the Magnetes against Alexander. At Kynos Kephelae Alexander was
defeated, but Pelopidas was slain (see Grote, "H. G." x. 420
foll.). "His death, as it brought grief, so likewise it produced
advantage to the allies; for the Thebans, as soon as they heard of
his fall, delayed not their revenge, but presently sent seven
thousand foot and seven hundred horse, under the command of
Malcitas and Diogiton. And they, finding Alexander weak and
without forces, compelled him to restore the cities he had taken,
to withdraw his garrisons from the Magnesians and Achaeans of
Phthiotos and swear to assist the Thebans against whatsoever
enemies they should require."--Plut. "Pelop." 35 (Clough, ii.
236).
[107] Or, "dull obscurity in place of renown."
[108] Pellene (or Pellana), a town of Laconia on the Eurotas, and on the
road from Sparta to Arcadia; in fact the frontier fortress on the
Eurotas, as Sellasia on the Oenus; "Dict. of Anct. Geog." s.v.;
see Paus. iii. 20, S. 2; Strab. viii. 386; Polyb. iv. 81, xvi. 37;
Plut. "Agis," 8; Leake, "Morea," iii. 14 foll.
[109] Cf. "Hipparch." iv. 9.
[110] Lit. "lochi." See above, VII. iv. 20; "Pol. Lac." xi. 4.
[111] Grote ("H. G." x. 455) says: "Though he crossed the Eurotas and
actually entered into the city of Sparta," as the words {epei de
egeneto en te polei ton Spartiaton} certainly seem to me to imply.
Others interpret "in the close neighbourhood of."
[112] Or, "to serve as his defence"; or, "the one obstacle to his
progress," i.e. Archidamus's. It was a miraculous thing that the
Thebans did not stop him.
[113] See Mahaffy, "Hist. Gk. Lit." vol. ii. p. 268, 1st ed. See above,
"Hell." VI. iv. 24; Diod. xv. 39, 56.
[114] Or, "and in Corinth an untoward incident had been experienced by
the cavalry." See Grote, "H. G." x. 458, note 2. Possibly in
reference to "Hell." VI. v. 51, 52.
[115] Probably Xenophon's own son Gryllus was among them.
[116] Grote ("H. G." x. 463) has another interpretation.
[117] Or, "the wedge-like attack of his own division"; see Grote, "H.
G." x. 469 foll. I do not, however, think that the attacking
column was actually wedge-shaped like the "acies cuneata" of the
Romans. It was the unusual depth of the column which gave it the
force of an ironclad's ram. Cf. "Cyrop." II. iv. for {eis
metopon}.
[118] See Rustow and Kochly, p. 176; and for the {amippoi}
Harpocration, s.v.; Pollus, i. 131; "Hipparch." v. 13; Thuc. v.
58; Herod. vii. 158; Caes. "B. G." i. 48; "B. Civ." iii. 84.
[119] Or, "they timorously slipped back."
[120] Or, "win the attention of some other writer."
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